Evolution Alongside Creationism School

Engwr300 Online Essay #2 10/21/2012 Evolution alongside Creationism School In the essay â€Å"Why Evolution should be taught in public school† by Laura Kahn. According to Kahn, we need to educate the next generation of scientists on understanding how microbes develop and change to give them the tools to develop treatment against antibiotic resistant bacteria emerging viruses, and other deadly microbes. As she learned from her time in medicine, she recognizes the necessity of learning evolution to develop treatments in this rapid microbial environment.Unfortunately, certain aspects of society insist that religious doctrine be taught instead of evolution. According to a 2005 Harris poll, a majority of U. S citizens believe in creationism. Another survey show that two-thirds of U. S citizen believe creationism should be taught alongside evolution. Mrs. Kahn believed if we fail to teach science in public schools we would become scientifically illiterate. Therefore, we need to rema in vigilant that our children receive a good science education to further enhance human understanding, and a good science education includes learning about evolution.In the nineteenth century, during the â€Å"Spontaneous generation† scientists and physicians were unprepared in developing strategies against infectious killing diseases. Until French chemist Louis Pasteur convince the world that invisible microbes caused disease, which disprove and replace the spontaneous generation with the germ theory of disease Pasteur theory, suggested that life could develop from nonliving organic matter.Pasteur study fermentation and spontaneous generation in 1859, he discovered a link between microbes, fermentation, and putrefaction, and diseases, however, convincing the scientist and medical profession to accept the idea was a challenge. Kahn example of â€Å"spontaneous generation shows what could happen if children are not educated about evolution, future generation wouldn’t b e able to understand little details about germs and how they work. Further Laura H. Kahn shows the difference between creationism and evolution.She says that creationism is the belief that God created the heavens and the earth, and all living beings. Charles Darwin’s â€Å"theory of evolution† is controversy of creationism because it undermines religious doctrine. Proponents of creationism say that it is a scientific theory. They state that creationism is an alternative scientific theory to evolution. People who believe in creationism can’t prove existence of God and not even people who believe in evolution can prove that there’s no God.The first public disputation on creationism versus evolution was in1860 between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce. In 1925, Tennessee passed the Butler Act that interdicted to teach evolution in public schools. The ACLU chose to protect any teacher who violated the act. There was one teacher named John Scopes, he discussed evolution with his biology class at the Rhea County High School. He was sued for it and was convicted and fined for a hundred dollars. But in 1927, John Scopes was justified and also Tennessee abolished the Butler Act.Germ theory of disease helps us to understand the causes of infectious disease and evolution helps us to understand the development of antimicrobial stability. Kahn thinks that â€Å"we need to remain vigilant that our children receive a good science education to further enhance human understanding. And a good science education includes learning about evolution. † Concurrently with the time of Pasteur, the director of the Museum of Natural History, Felix-Archimede Pouchet claimed he had product spontaneous generation, but Pasteur work on fermentation conceived him otherwise.So, he decided to disprove Pouchet’s claim with his experiment to show that different concentrations of microbes existed depending on the location and elevation. Pouchet tri ed duplicating Pasteur’s result but failed, so Pasteur demanded that the experiment be repeated by a commission appointed by the Academy of Science and that the experiment be conducted in a laboratory in the museum of Natural History. After the experiment, the academy later issued an official announcement that Pasteur had successfully disproved spontaneous generation. Yet, spontaneous generation proponents in other countries still attack his findings.Until, German physician Robert Koch proved that bacterial is the causes of a number of infectious diseases finally putting spontaneous generation to rest. For the longest time in history, people understood the nature of epidemics and to develop effective preventive and control strategies against infectious diseases. Kahn also agrees creationism verse evolution. â€Å"Creationism† is the belief that a deity created the heavens, earth, and all its living creatures. Although, many civilizations have creation stories rooted in religious belief. Unlike spontaneous generation that is based on observation.Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was develop after collecting extensive data while on a five year, round the world journey aboard; Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation based on scientific theory on observation. Proponents of creationism propose creationism is an alternative scientific to evolution, yet they don’t provide scientific evidence for the existence of an intelligent deity. Instead they cite gaps in evolutionary theory. She asks the question, how would someone prove by observation and experimentation the existence of a deity or how would someone disprove evolution?She explained there’s extensive evidence in the fossil record in genetic code, and in rapidly evolving microbes, and experimental results of thousands of years of human genetic manipulation through selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals. Kahn makes a very valid point in defense of evolution, sh e writes a well put together argument, and she supports the evidence for the existence of evolution, but expects the same from the creationists. Kahn enables readers to think clearly about the effectiveness of creationism and evolution.However, acquiring the permission to teach evolution remains a problematic issue since teaching evolution is prohibited as it is against the beliefs of many people. Which I don’t understand, I believe it show be up to the teacher to decide when lecturing about creationism because evolution can easier be link with creationism in school for a better understand with the children and they could think about new information for themselves whether he or she agree or disagree, but I think completely avoiding the topic can be harmful in the future for health reasons.Finally, Kahn’s main point I believe is to inform the readers about the evolutionary education, and not to eliminate creationism from school, her goal is to ensure that evolution be c onsidered important as it will direct our future generation. Just how Pasteur and Darwin, she hopes someone will do same for evolution. Kahn provides valid facts with actual evidences to help guide her readers in learning the importance of teaching evolution in public schools.

Different Types Of Abuse Essay

Indicators of abuse. Factors that may lead to abuse. Physical: To cause physical pain and injury to another person, making them physically suffer from harm. Signs for physical abuse would be quite easy to spot as you can look for marks on people such as bruising, bite marks, burn marks or even fractures. Another indicator could be that the marks on their body are repetitive say for example they have bruising on their body and then a couple of weeks later they have more bruises on their body, this could be an indicator for physical abuse. Behavioural indicators could be that they cannot remember how the injuries occurred and makes up an excuse. They could also flinch if someone approached them unexpectedly. Poor memory and concentration levels could be a behavioural sign. Factors that could lead to physical abuse being an issue could be from care givers that have inability to cope with stress on adults and their behaviours, they could themselves suffer with depression which is a common thing amongst care givers and then they could take their depr ession and anger out on adults who are vulnerable, lack of support from other care workers could lead to physical abuse. Lack of staff training could be the factor that leads to physical abuse. Sexual: any sort of non-consensual contact, touching vulnerable people in not appropriate areas and without their consent. Possible indicators for sexual abuse could be loss of sleep. Also bruising or soreness around the genitals, there could be indicators of torn, stained or blood in the underwear and there could be possible signs of sexually transmitted diseases in some cases. Even pregnancy could be an indicator to sexual abuse. Behavioural indicators could be flinching or not wanting to do personal care. There could be extreme changes in behaviour, bed wetting or frequent bathing to try and remove stains or to try and make themselves feel cleaner. Another indicator could be refusal to disrobe clothes for bedtime or showers whilst in front of people they would normally trust and who they are familiar with. Risk factors that could lead to sexual abuse could be things such as alcohol or drug use as the person g iving the abuse would not know what they are doing as the drugs and alcohol in their body would be controlling them in a way which could lead to sexual abuse. Coercive sexual fantasies of a staff member or even friend or family in some cases, which  could lead to the abuse. Impulsive and antisocial tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, there could be a childhood history of sexual and physical abuse and then they may want to push that onto someone else or could have been witnessed family violence as a child and may think it is acceptable to do certain things. Emotional: Any act including confinement, isolation, humiliation, intimidation or treatment when diminishes a sense of somebody’s identity and dignity. Possible indicators of emotional abuse could be bedwetting or diarrhoea, frequent headaches, nausea, abdominal pains. Behavioural indicators would be something like mental or emotional development lags, poor relationships with people. Runaway attempts, complains of social isolation or severe depression that could be suicidal. Factors that could lead to emotional abuse from someone who has a low self-esteem themselves and w ould like to emotionally beat someone down to make themselves feel better, or the person giving the abuse could have suffered from emotional abuse in their childhood and feel that they got treated a certain way so they want to pass this on to someone else. Factors could also lead to a group of staff members for example and they are all emotionally abusing a service user which they could find amusing but it is actually classed as abuse. Neglect: a passive form of abuse which is leaving the victim who maybe is unable to care for himself or herself but cannot provide care for themselves. You could see neglect by having poor physical conditions, bed sores. The carers normally don’t take care of the service user. Inadequate food supply or water that is not available. Skin rashes related to the bedding being unchanged and urine soaked in the bed. Inadequate living conditions, no toilet or commode. Behavioural indicators could be fear or withdrawal, depression, implausible stories, anger, denial and anxiety. Reasons someone could suffer from neglect could be things such as ignorance or denial that an adult needs as much care as they do. The abuse can be intentional or unintentional. The person in charge of care could have mental health problems or problems from their home life and take this into work and not be interested in caring for adult and therefore neglecting them and their needs. Exploitation/financial: Telling someone what they can and cannot buy or making them share control of their bank account and the person does not have control over their money. Signs of financial abuse could be if a person who had a disability is accompanied by  family or a staff member who appear to pressure the individual to make a transaction. People accompanying an individual to speak for him or her and not allow the individual to speak for themselves. An indicator could be a sudden increase in checking overdrafts or unusually large cash withdrawals or to transfer to other accounts from a joint bank account. Someone else could sign or forge an individual’s signature. Another indicator could be not allowing an individual to discuss legal or financial issues or matters with others. Indicator could be a staff member or family member taking money from the individual without telling them and leaving them with nothing and leading them on saying they have more money than they rea lly do, or taking control of their money and managing their money and tell them what they can and cannot spend money on. Unexplained inability to pay for bills such as shopping bills or house bills could be a sign of abuse. Staff members may not record when service users receive their money so they could take advantage of their money without consent of the service user. By not keeping records of what the service users money goes on it is easy to lose track and the amount of money been spent. A staff member could be short of money with their personal issues and use a service user’s money without anyone knowing and because stuff is not being recorded it can be hard to spot money being taken. Self-harm: there is self-harm, deliberate self-harm, self-injury and self-poisoning which are mostly done without suicidal intentions but just a relief maybe for some. Self-harm is causing deliberate harm to your own body like cutting or burning your skin, pulling your own hair out. Self-harm behaviour includes acts that can cause short and also long term damage for example under eating or binge drinking and drug abuse. Any of these signs could be from self-harm, unexplained cuts, bruises or cigarette burns usu ally are around the wrists, thighs and arms. Signs of depression such as low mood, crying a lot and no motivation. Signs of low self-esteem such as them blaming themselves for any problems and thinking that they are not good enough for something. Signs of misuse of drugs or alcohol and been pulling their hair out. Factors that could lead someone to self-harm could be down to family problems at home, relationship problems, if they are not doing well in education and then start to doubt themselves feeling like they are not good enough and feel like self-harm is the only release. Being bullied could be a factor for self-harm. Also drug or alcohol abuse. Another factor  is that you could be coming to terms with your sexuality and be unhappy to maybe tell people what your sexuality is. Coping with cultural expectations such as arranged marriage could lead to self-harming. Institutional: maltreatment of a person from someone who has power over the victim. Institutional abuse is about who abuses and how that abuse comes to pass. An indicator could be no flexibility in bed time routine or people left o n a commode or a toilet for a long period of time for no reason. Inappropriate care of living area or possessions. Lack of personal clothes or belonging. Deprived environmental conditions and lack of stimulation. Service user could be removed from the home without discussion with other staff members because the staff cannot deal with the service user’s behaviours. Another indicator could be spoken to and treated with disrespect. Lack of individual programmes that would monitor their daily life and behaviours. Factors that could lead to institutional abuse could be down to the environment and the surrounding as it could be the environment out of a home setting and what they are used to, it can determine the potential for maltreatment. Maltreatment mostly happens when the adult may be in a crisis and the caregiver has not got the skills and developed alternative and appropriate response to the service user. Discriminatory: when someone picks on you and treats you differently and unfairly just because something is different about you whether it is your race, sexuality, religion or appearance. Indicators could be that the person being abused is withdrawn and isolates themselves away from other people, fearfulness and anxiety, loss of self-esteem, being refuse to be able to access services and excluded to other people, resistance or refusal to access services that are required to meet the needs. Types of abuse for discrimination would include things such a sex, race, colour, language, culture, religion, politics and sexual orientation. Factors that could lead to discriminatory abuse could be that the care giver does not agree with someone’s religion or sexuality for example, if a service user were gay there caregiver could exclude them from everything and not provide the correct care for them because they do not agree with same sex relationships which would be classes as discriminat ory abuse. The risk factor is greater when the service user or vulnerable adult has a difficulty to communicate with others, always rejecting help from staff member, often has an unusual and offensive behaviour or aggressive  because of these issues staff members may not be able to cope and may no0t have the patients or correct training to resolve these issues which can then lead to abuse. Domestic: The abuse of a partner with an intimate or family member, the abuse is repeated and random. The abuse can be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual. May show the signs of bruises, burns, human bite marks, and fractures round the eyes, nose, teeth and jaw, injuries during pregnancy such as miscarriage or premature birth. Stress related illnesses such as headaches, backaches, chronic pain, family problems, depression, alcohol or drug addictions, absenteeism like lateness or leaving early, changes in job performance. Overly dressed like wearing turtle necks and long sleeves in the summer to cover up any physical marks, jumpy and lack of personal grooming or low self-esteem. Factors that can lead to domestic abuse may be alcohol or drug related so that the drugs and alcohol inside their bodies are controlling them and they may not realise what they are really doing. The abuser could have an unknown mental health or personality problem. They could also suffer from bipolar and have random outbursts of aggressiveness. A history of violence or abuse that includes domestic abuse from previous relationship problems. Poor family relationships where violence is a normal thing and not really a big issue, financial problems because of low income or debt problems could all be factors of domestic abuse. Bullying: Has an advantage of strength or to intimidate someone and typically force someone to do something. Indicators for bullying could be that the person seems unhappy or depressed, not wanting to talk to people much and distancing themselves away from other people. Not socialising with other people. They could cry a lot but may not want to talk about it to anyone or make up an excuse. Factors that could lead to bullying could be for example a leader or person in charge could feel because they have more power that they can intimidate people into doing things and pressure people. If the victims are vulnerable and an easy target to staff member that are bullying them. Groups of staff members thinking it is amusing to bullying service users, which they could find amusing but actually be bullying, intentionally or unintentional. I chose Simone from Winterbourne view for my case study. She was one of man6y residents what suffered multiple abuses from Winterbourne view which was  exposed by Panorama. Her family want her close to her, but she is currently hundreds of miles away from her family. Simone’s parents’ notice that she was a little bit behind other children at nursery and then eventually found out it was because she suffered from a learning disability. Simone suffered from chronic headaches which became very distressing and then her behaviour began to chance and was much more challenging and harder to deal with. She then went to hospital to have it investigated. Simone suffered from physical and emotional abuse. Wayne the carer would physically abuse Simone by putting her hand under a chair and bending her arm which would cause bruising. She had water thrown over her face and left outside to freeze, this would affect her emotionally as it would make her sad and want to isolate herself f rom any of the staff members as she probably felt she couldn’t go to anyone for advice or tell someone about what is happening to her and the abuse she was receiving because the staff members were all in on it as well. As Wayne were the leader all the other members of staff may have been intimidated In some sort of way by him which lead them to copy and imitate what he did to service users like Simone. From the physical abuse by her bruising and marks on her skin, her parents didn’t realise as they only really spoke to her over the phone to check up on her and to see if she was okay, so they were unaware of the abuse that what going on. She was suffering from emotional abuse as well because she has already experienced some form of abuse when she was in a unit before and then had to be removed from that unit into a second unit where she still received abuse from. This would affect her health by her maybe not wanting to live and not to get involved with other people because she feels she cannot trust anyone around her. Long term effects by being pinned to the ground all the time and then it could have made her body or bones be in a certain position which could lead to joint damage or scars on her body. She could also flinch when people approach her even the people she trusts. Simone could be distressed behaviour in the long term by Simone being trapped in uncomfortable position. Although she had negative long term effects for life there are also positive such as being moved to another unit, even though she is hundreds of miles away from her family, they know and believe that she is now in a safe place, free from abuse and enjoying herself. Another long term effect could lead to depression and then she would isolate herself in any  activities and interaction with other people even those close to her. https://www.mencap.org.uk/get-involved/campaigns/take-action/out-sight/simones-story

Dreaming in Cuban by Cristina Garcia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dreaming in Cuban by Cristina Garcia - Essay Example The novel setting is in between Cuba and the USA where the focus is on a single family of three generations. Ideally, the novel narration in the novel is the third person narration with countable instances written in the first person narration. One of the key aspects witnessed across the novel is the fact that the narration jumps from one point in time to another hence going contrary to the linear fashion of narration. The novel has a number of themes witnessed all through the plot that vary from memory, living in exile, family ties and political divisions that characterized the Cuban history. Writing techniques used by Garcia I.Retrospection All through the novel, the narrator seems to be giving accounts of events that they might have experienced in the past without interfering with the flow of the story. The purpose of using this technique is to illustrate the suffering of the Del Pino family that spreads across the generations. The family members that plotline focuses on are Pilar, Celia del Pino’s grand daughter, Lourdes and Felicia who are Celia’s daughters. The author relies on the accounts of the narrator as the author was in exile that did not interact with Castro’s rule. Therefore, the narrators pat makes the author to have a glimpse of how it used to be back in the day when Garcia was residing in the USA. This aspect of narrations relatively appears in films hence making Garcia a formidable author as not many may use this technique in their literature works. II. Projection The projection technique is a technique that blends well with science fiction stories where the predicted future tends t o be imaginary, but at the same time appears real to the reader. In the novel, projection is a clear element that affects the narrator’s story as the mental instability that had struck Celia befalls on her daughter Felicia. In essence, Celia became mentally unstable when her husband Jorge died while Felicia became mentally unstable because of the ill treatment that she received form her husband. In the end, Felicia attempts to kill Hugo, her husband as the torture proves immense on her. On the other hand, Celia becomes mentally unstable because of the cruelty that received from Jorge’s mother and sister all through her pregnancy. Therefore, the obvious projection here is that cruelty and pregnancy were the probable causes of mental disorders for these two women. III. Different period and structure The author uses this technique within the characters of the novel to suggest reflections that they have of the future. The constant throws in between time helps in the illust ration of the turmoil that the characters were experiencing although at different times. In essence, the psychological torment that the characters portrayed illustrated the gravity of their situation that justified some of their actions. For instance, the author asserts that the minds of Celia and Felicia snapped at some point although the time of their occurrence was not the same. Another similarity presented by the author is that both Celia and Felicia gave birth to daughters as their first children. Therefore, the author uses this technique to present the striking similarities in the occurrence of events that occurred at different times. IV. Straight forward Evidently, the format of the narration is no different from the normal presentation of a story as the novel begins with a clear beginning that

Strategic Human Resource Management College Case Study

Strategic Human Resource Management College - Case Study Example It is possible to say that performance management is a central tool used by both companies to meet business objectives and goals. Performance management allows different companies to balance the need to embed processes with the need to be flexible and adaptive to changing circumstances. According to Greer (2000) management often supplements performance management by competency frameworks; appraisal is more frequently conducted through multiple perspectives; rewards decisions are more likely to be decentralized; and formal training is supplemented by coaching and self-development activities. In this case, it is possible to say that the application of performance management is influenced by the degree and experience of change, the involvement and commitment of line managers, and the transparency and perceived fairness of the process (Nkomo et al 2004). Training and self-development of employees are the key concepts identified in the case studies. All the companies placed great emphasis on training and development, with "most having a number of large-scale training initiatives either in place or being developed, sometimes as part of a broader cultural change program" (Nkomo et al 2004, p. 23). There is clear evidence that all the organizations are increasing their investment in training in order to compete on the market. Significant qualitative differences emerged between the types of training offered. Performance management is expected to regulate both motivation and ability to work. Performance management is usually conceptualized as consisting of three elements: (1) objective setting, (2) formal performance evaluation, and (3) linkage between evaluation outcomes and development and rewards, in order to reinforce desired behavior (Nkomo et al 2004).. Motivation is important because it influences commitment to work and productivity, morale and culture. Even if a company succeeds in constraining their behaviors in this way, the prescription might dampen the very motivation and creativity that the company seeks from them and depends upon for business performance. 'Business targets' also emerges as a significant source of motivation in all organizations. Motivation and rewards is an important part of change management helping companies to overcome resistance to change and inspire employees. One tempting interpretation of these results would be to argue that the personal motivation o f managers is of much greater importance in explaining the involvement of line managers than formal institutional incentives and pressures (Greer 2000). In any case, the personal motivation of managers is influenced by their organizational environment. B. The main similarity between Ford and Toyota management is the strategic approach to human resource management. Both companies had to change their working culture and improve professional skills of employees. Toyota created a positive environment where employees perceived that they easily acquired new skills and knowledge. Similar to Toyota, Ford introduced training programs for engineers and production workers. The main difference was that Ford emphasized on-job training and development while Toyota paid a special attention to motivation

To construct a small commercial database and demonstrate its Essay

To construct a small commercial database and demonstrate its functionality - Essay Example To get the selected items delivered, the user has to register with the site and set up a payment and delivery plan. The order details are mailed to the user’s registered email. Delivery (ID, IssueDate, IssueTime, Type, DeliveryDate, mobileNumber,RecipientFirstName, RecipientLastName, RecipientAddressLine1, RecipientAddressLine2, RecipientCity, RecipientPostCode, RecipientPhone) The attributes completely represent all required aspects of the delivery. If the customer wishes to have the products delivered at residence, the option can be selected or the customer can get the order shipped to a particular shop. Brand Name is to be considered as an attribute of a separate entity brand. This is to ensure, a particular brand name is always referred to with the same spelling and name description. In case the name of the brand changes, only one change will have to be made. The item selected is usually not timestamped. The item stays in the cart only till the user’s login session. In case, a user logs out without checking out, the selected item is sent back to the available product

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization Essay

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization possible - Essay Example Therefore we can integration perspective to define globalization as a process of integration, which can take international form depending with the stakeholders and the purpose of integration, which arises from interchange and/or exchange of ideas, views and aspects of culture and socialization, products and the holistic human development in relation to the external world (Boudreaux, 2008, 2). Technology on the other hand can be defined as implementation of an idea, thought or invention in the process of making, modifying and using of techniques in relation to knowledge of tools and machines in order to solve a prevailing problem or condition. Technology seeks to improve existing tools, crafts or machines to a new set of efficient ones; systematically analyse the methods of organization to achieve a certain predefined goal, and/ or evaluate an applied input/ output model relations in order to perform a specific function (Macintosh, 2011, 4). The diversity of human knowledge and the ne ed to solve emerging issues in daily activities has necessitated techno-progressivism, a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change in a bid to merge it with socio-economic changes. In addition the need by the human species to convert natural resources into simple tools and applications was followed by the innovations and critical thinking that was necessitated by the need for â€Å"leisure class† and to control the environment that one is in. From this we can deduce that globalization has been propagated by the need to human species to understand; control, comprehend, integrate and to some point analyse the external environment with an aim of being part of it. In this paper we shall critically analyse the ways in which inventions, innovations and technological/industrial revolutions have made globalization possible; evaluation of its impacts on cultures and cultural exchange, international trade, health, and global workforce, and evaluate drawbacks of technology. Innovations and Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution in this sense can be viewed in form of rate at which innovations in science and technology have helped in transition to new manufacturing processes; mechanization of traditional methods of production from manual to machinery, the effects of global output as a result of this increased productivity, and the analysis of major turning points in our daily activities. For instance, innovations to improved efficiency of water power and new chemical manufacturing in industries have improved textile production, improved economies of scale in blast furnaces in smelting and production of iron related commodities through substitution of coke by coal which is cheaper and more effective, and advancement from steam engines to petro-driven and atomic energy sources that have revolutionized industrial operations. This has led to increase in output due to economies of scale, increased profitability and expansion of firms which has necessitated international trade; a prerequisite for integration and globalization through exchange of ideas, goods and skills across nations. Technology and Communication As discussed earlier, globalization involves exchange of ideas,

The relationship between the people and their spiritualists Essay

The relationship between the people and their spiritualists - Essay Example The relationship between priests and the Church is based on mutual beliefs in the existence of God as the most superior deity and in the belief of a need to have a close relationship with God. Similarly, spiritualists and people in other religions such as ancient religions also spoke of the importance of maintaining a close and intimate relationship with the gods. In other modern religions such as Islam, sheiks serve as the spiritual advisers to the congregation and also advocate the essence of maintaining an intimate relationship with Allah through righteous deeds and faith in Him. The relationship between spiritualists and people is also marked by the latter’s religious duties towards the people. For instance, priests are afforded various duties and responsibilities such as interpreting religious ideologies and laws to the people and administration of ceremonial rights such as baptisms, blessings, and weddings. Priests’ relationships with people surpass the spectrum o f death as priests are also tasked with praying for the deceased at funerals. In other religions, as well as traditional religions, spiritualists officiate funeral ceremonies by praying for the souls of the deceased. In addition, priests and their congregations have a distinct relationship with regard to counseling and offering advice on matters of a religious and personal nature. Spiritualists and priests are notable as having accomplished wisdom that they use to provide counsel and advice to people and the Church respectively.