Personality Overview

Personality Overview (Week 4) Steven Byrd Psy/405 March 25, 2013 Psychodynamic and Humanistic theory There are many different theories involved in the development of personality and some have certain things in common and others have drastic differences. Theories include existential, dispositional, learning or the two that will be discussed which are psychodynamic and humanistic. According to (Feist & Feist, 2009), personality is something that is viewed in several ways but does not have one simple definition.There are many theorists who have their own definition of what personality actually is, but most can agree that personality is something that makes up who a person is, who they are inside and where they come from. Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior. (Feist & Feist, 2009). Personality consists of traits, which are contributors to individual differences in beha vior over a period of time essay writers wanted.Characteristics are defined as unique qualities of an individual which include intelligence, physique and temperament. Theory is defined as a set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to form a hypotheses. (Feist & Feist, 2009) Psychodynamic theory Psychodynamic theory derived from one of the most famous psychologists in history, Sigmund Freud. Freud’s name has been linked to psychoanalysis, which is the most famous of all personality theories.Freud developed his understanding of human personality from his experiences with patients he had and also by analyzing the dreams that he had himself. Psychodynamic theory talks about ego’s. The ego is the region of the mind that is connected with reality and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the outside world. (Feist & Feist, 2009). Egos are a big factor when it comes to interpersonal relationships. An example woul d be a person’s ego would onsciously motivate a person to be a certain way and have a lot of trouble steering away from it. In a relationship, if people have conflicting egos, there is a higher likelihood that they will clash, or won’t get along because they are two different people with two different personalities. It is very hard to change who you are, especially after many years and in relationships, usually people find something they want to change about the other person but as mentioned before, you can’t convince many people to change who they are and where they come from.The superego has more to do with the effects of a relationship because it represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality. A person who is egotistical may become violent or very hateful if their needs are not met or they feel like they can’t perform a task. In a relationship, a person who is egotistical may have a hard time keeping a relationship together because they start ac ting out if they do not get their way and can easily push their partner away.The superego aims for perfection and people who are obsessed with being perfect, usually end up alone because other people do not meet their expectations as well, or they will just find reasons to not be with someone because of their imperfections. It is very difficult to be in a relationship with someone who believes they are perfect in every way or someone who expects you to be perfect as well. Aggression and anxiety or also part of the psychodynamic theory and these are things that can put a strain on a relationship.Aggressive people are also more likely to push people away because of their aggressiveness and being anxious can cause people to be impatient and not have the patience to even bother being in a relationship. People who are labeled under the psychodynamic theory could be egotistical, aggressive, impatient, and anxious among other things and all of those things can make a relationship more diff icult. In psychoanalysis, defense mechanisms are mentioned and these defense mechanisms include repression, which is the most basic defense mechanism.Repression forces threatening feelings into the unconscious (Feist & Feist, 2009) and those feelings can pop back up at any time. Someone may think they are interested in someone but once they find out that person has some type of resemblance to something that hurt them before, the relationship is over before you know it. Humanistic theory The personality theory of Abraham Maslow is more commonly known as the humanistic theory or the transpersonal theory. This theory states that a person is motivated to needs and self-actualization.In order to achieve self-actualization a person must satisfy things like hunger, safety and love. When talking about interpersonal relationships and the humanistic theory, they are very much the same as a person under the humanistic theory needs the attention and love of someone else to fulfill true happines s. According to (Feist & Feist, 2009), Erikson, in contrast to Freud who believed that anatomy is destiny, he suggested that there could be many other differences as to why men and women can be so different. Erikson believed there is a life cycle that is determined by external forces.In a way both theories suggest that our environment molds us to be who we are but they are in different styles. Freud was more of an adult theorist but Erickson believed that life has a cycle and we develop into who we are over a very long period of time. Although personality is modeled by our cultures and our history, people do retain some control of their own destiny such as the ability to make choices. Psychodynamic and humanistic theories each have many different sub theories beneath them and some of them are very similar in context while others are very different.The main difference between psychodynamic and humanistic theories would be that humanistic theories seem to be based on a longer period o f time while psychodynamic theories start at a later point in life. Both theories have their impact on interpersonal relationships and personality as psychodynamic theories include things such as the super-ego, which can cause a strain on a relationship because of a power struggle and the expectations of perfection while the humanistic theory suggests that we all need love in life in order to be happy and enjoy fulfillment.A person who is â€Å"needy† or has to have a relationship may sometimes become desperate and lower their expectations just so they can be with someone which could then, in turn cause a pseudo relationship, or one that is based off of false pretense. If two people who both feel the same way about being in a relationship end up together and they both feel they need each other, that relationship will obviously have a better chance of lasting.In conclusion, all theories, including the ones previously listed, make up some part of a person’s personality i n a certain way, whether it being a needy personality, a forceful one, very outgoing and loving, very egotistical and angry, etc. Odds are someone’s personality will fit in to one of the categories and will have the same basis but the most important thing to remember is that deep down, no two people are alike and it is hard to classify anyone into one group as many of us could fall into several different theories. References: Feist, J. , & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Impact of Electronic Information on Individuals & Society

In this report I will discuss the impact of electronic information on individuals and society. I am going to talk about how the ways people access information has changed and how new technologies have played a part in this. Firstly I will talk about how increased availability of electronic information has changed mine and my family’s daily lives. Then I'll consider how this has affected the older generation, in particular, the elderly.After that, I’ll explore some of the ways organisations these days communicate with individuals and society, and finally I'll talk about people who do not have access or don't want to have access to the internet and the possible consequences of this. Over the past few years the amount of information I receive from paper-based information sources has decreased dramatically while electronic information is becoming more and more significant to mine, and my family’s daily lives. On a daily basis I access many different types of electron ic information such as text messages, internet and television.All these things have a huge impact on me and my family. For example, if I want to meet a friend, first of all I text them to find out if they’re at home and are not busy, while not so long ago when I didn't have a mobile phone I would go to their house and find out if they were at home, which isn’t very time efficient. Another example of how increased availability of electronic information has changed my life is the way I find the information I need. Not so long ago I was searching for information I need in paper-based sources such as books, newspapers and magazines.While now I mostly use the internet, and a search engine such as Google for searching for information. But the problem with search engines is that you have to be very accurate and know exactly what kind of information you want to find, otherwise you may not find what you need or not exactly the kind of information you need. I sometimes also watc h the television; television provides light entertainment, education and information. It means that I can be kept up to date with what is going on in the world by watching the news, or alternatively can be kept amused.In the rapidly aging population, the elderly are called upon to adapt to new technology and the demands of modern society. It is widely accepted that elder individuals show low adjustment to new technologies compared to younger generations, either because they do not have the technological experience or because of their current health status. At their effort to use new technologies, they usually face many difficulties related to the complexity of new technology. Other contributing factors for this low adjustment to new technologies are the lack of incentives, economical obstacles, digital skills and appropriate training.A commonly held view is that the market is not currently investing enough on innovations for the elder users, such as comprehensive and user-friendly s ervices for healthier living conditions. In addition, many products and services often are not appropriate to the needs of elder users, exacerbating the sense of frustration and leading to dependence on other people. The main sources of information for the elderly are the internet, thematic television channels and magazines.In their effort to take greater responsibility for their personal health, physical status and independent living conditions, the elderly users need to be more informed through the use of these sources. Technology may involve the use of most simple everyday electrical appliances (TV, kitchen, vacuum cleaner, dishwasher, etc. ) or other more complex machines (ATMs, PCs, mobile phones etc. ) This widely accepted use of new technology by the elderly population has a beneficial effect on their quality of life. More and more organizations are equipping the use websites to advertise themselves.When an organization has a website, they suddenly have a home base for the me ssages their customers have to share with everyone. They can take that to the next level by branching out and allowing their customers to sign up to be on an e-mail list on their website. They can then send potential customers updates for the latest deals, blog posts, and more. Although e-mail is a valuable communication tool, its widespread use in academic and business settings has introduced some new challenges for some people. I believe every business needs to use technology to gain competitive advantage.In today’s world, time and efficiency are very essential factors in business growth, so if you want your business to survive in this technologically demanding century, you will need to use technology. The type of technology used in business varies, as they do not all have the same needs of technology; it can be used for communication, manufacturing, packaging, quality control, record keeping, accounting, human resource management, data security, decision making, used to im prove customer service, business marketing and promotion and more.Because it is a relatively new form of communication, basic social conventions for writing and responding to e-mail are still being worked out. Miscommunication can easily occur when people have different expectations about the e-mails that they send and receive. In addition, e-mail is used for many different purposes, including contacting friends, communicating with professors and supervisors, requesting information, and applying for jobs, internships, and scholarships.Depending on your purposes, the messages you send will differ in their formality, intended audience, and desired outcome. The individuals who do not have access to the internet, do not know how to use it, or simply do not want to use it are being deprived of the benefits, social opportunities, and time saving methods the internet provides. This further segregates certain groups of society. For example, most uneducated people probably do not have access to the internet, and if they did, they would not be able to use it as efficiently as more educated people.The internet has changed the way we live, interact with others, and go about our daily lives. Social interaction no longer relies on physical location, which has many implications that sociologists are interested in studying. As a relatively new invention, we have yet to see the full implications and effects that the internet has on societies around the world. This opens up an entirely new and exciting field within sociology and it will be interesting to see where it takes us.

Beating Poverty with Income Support

Orwell (1945) was correct when he wrote that â€Å"All animals are created equal but some animals are more equal than others,† actually referring to human beings whom scientists refer to as animals. Throughout the history of humanity, people have generally known that they were created equal. And yet, there have been separations, discriminations, dissimilarities, and inequalities, for the reason that God, Nature or Evolution – depending on what we choose to believe in – did not grant equal abilities, talents, and gifts to all human beings.Some men are richer and more intelligent than the others. Some are born deaf, dumb, and blind. And, some must rely on income support because they just cannot beat poverty on their own. Then there are the leaders of mankind who cannot think like the rest seeing as they are set apart from the others in the position of leadership. If leaders were to act as though they were the equals of their followers, the position of leadership wo uld have to be abolished.Hence, those that have special gifts or utilize their abilities in special ways would never be truly equal to the rest, despite the fact that they were essentially created the same way. According to the conservative view, poverty is mostly unintentional; that is, poor people are working hard enough to be able to support themselves but they remain poor nevertheless. The liberal view is that poverty is caused by discrimination; that is, those that are considered disadvantaged, e. g.the single mothers and the African Americans, are believed to be at a loss because society would not grant them enough opportunities to raise their standards of living, which happens to be the reason for the affirmative action policy. The radical view, on the other hand, exclaims that it is the culture of corporatism that has failed to raise the standard of living of the entire population. This is the reason why the rich keep getting richer, while the poor keep becoming poorer, as p roved by the statistics.Regardless of our beliefs about the reasons for poverty, the government has shouldered the responsibility to care for the poor by spending almost half of its spending budget on income support programs such as social insurance, public assistance, and work/employment programs. In order to raise the standard of living of the poor, the government also considers education as an essential social welfare program. After all, if the government were to stop supporting the poor by whatever means it can, our country would be pretty much like a third world nation where the majority is poor and sleeping on the streets.Yet, a number of literate people among our population – most definitely those who are not poor enough to be on income support – argue that the government may be wasting its money on the poor and lazy folks. Such people further argue that the poor and hungry people will become dependent and virtually useless if the government were to go on suppor ting them. But, how would such people consider answering the question of poverty that is facing the third world? The poor people in the least developed nations are certainly not dependent on their governments for income support.Their governments cannot afford to support the poor and needy people as they ought to – seeing that leaders are not equal to their followers. Hence, we should be glad that we live in a nation where the government (the leader) is in a position to support the people (the followers) to an extent that should make us all grateful citizens. What is more, we are in a position to guide the least developed world with respect to policy in the matter. References Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. London: Secker and Warburg.

Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health in Australia Essay

Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health in Australia - Essay Example 181). Australia is one of the countries experiencing such problems, particularly in the rural areas. Consequently, the government invests a lot of money in the health care sector. The government had planned to develop and implement locally appropriate evidence based sustainable models of service delivery that included a strong health promotion and prevention focus. Many criticisms were noted during this period. Some people especially from the urban areas believed that the government had already done enough and the introduction of such programs would only waste public money. Consequently, health action by both the Australian government and the society can ensure a continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health. The Australian government needs to reconsider the provision of a complete harmonized family-centered service system to succeed in providing continuum care for maternal, newborn, and child health (Kuhlthau, Sheila, Jeanne, Alixandra & Diane et al 2011, p. 137). A synchronized structure of early childhood services that can respond to the upcoming and varying needs of mothers and infants in the rural areas is essential. It aids in achieving better results for children. Moreover, the systems are aimed at ensuring that people and the society become friendlier to children and mothers by providing comprehensive services (Kuhlthau, Sheila, Jeanne, Alixandra & Diane et al 2011, p. 137). The agenda can further improve the level of maternal and child health (MCH) services, especially in the rural areas by creating service systems that concentrate on the needs of family, infants and the society at the local level. Maternal and child health is a section of rural service network that comprises of local organizations, intercession services for early childhood, issues of family conflicts and parenting (Costello, Bernice, Adrian and Barbara 1998, p.169).

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 4b, 3b & c Essay

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 4b, 3b & c - Essay Example A statute has been defined in previous editions of this work simply as the will of the legislature", the will of the legislature must be expressed either by the agreement of its three parts (Queen, lords and commons)or by the agreement of the queen and commons in accordance with the parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.Granted that a document which is presented to it as a statute is an authentic expression of the legislature will, the function of a court is to interpret that document "according to the intent of them that made it." From that function the court may not resile .however ambiguous Difficult for application the words of an act of parliament may be, the court is bound to endeavour to place some meaning upon them. In so doing it gives effect, as the judges have repeatedly declared to the intention of parliament, but, it may only elicit that intention from he actual words of the statute In this rule its assumed that the words and phrases of technical legislation are used in their technical meaning if they have acquired one, otherwise in their ordinary meaning ,and the second is that the phrases and sentences are to be construed according to the rules of grammar. Blythes v .Blythes- A reference in the matrimonial causes Act 1950 to the court being satisfied was meant to mean precisely what it said, and to require the courts to be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt. And in Northing ham Finance V.Ashley,the court of appeal held that the words covered of which the hirer was in possession under an existing hire- purchase agreement and which were exchanged in part payment for the goods under the new agreement .it would be too narrow a construction to restrict it to goods actually owned by the hirer. The Mischief Rule. In heydons case in 1954, it was resolved by the Barons of the exchequer, that for sure and true interpretation of all statute in general (be they penal or beneficial, restrictive and considered. Firstly, what was common law before the making of the act. Secondly, what was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. Thirdly, what remedy that parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth. Fourthly, The true reason of the remedy, and then the office of all judges is always to

Change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change management - Essay Example Change management could either be individual change management or organizational change management. The individual change management consists of three steps – unfreezing, adapting to change and refreezing. The in the first stage the existing mind-set has to be released and then the confusion and transition starts. In the third stage the new mind-set is crystallized and the individual’s comfort levels returns to the previous level. There has to be awareness why change is needed, desire to support and participate in the change, the knowledge how to change, the ability to implement new skills and behavior, and finally sustain change. Organizational change management requires processes and tools for managing the people side of the change at an organizational level. The management needs to first detect the trends in the macro and micro environment. Change in an organization can be due to downsizing, redundancy, change of management through mergers and acquisition, change due to expansion, and most important due to the advancements in technology. According to Worrall, Campbell & Cooper (1999) redundancy is the most evocative and fear inducing form of organizational change for many workers. Landale (2004) believes motivation is the key to empower the staff and get the front line managers to take collectively responsibility. A study by Patterson et al., (1997) confirmed that management of people was more important than the combined effect of strategy, product, service quality, or even the manufacturing technology or the expenditure on R&D (cited by Gollan, 2006). There is a definite relationship between employee performance and their attitude. Communication organizational aims and objectives are important. Difficult issues can be resolved through discussions. Honesty, trust, openness, employee participation, all helps to achieve high motivation among staff. Recognition of staff through promotional material also helped to

HR Training and Development #4 deadline Nov 8 Essay

HR Training and Development #4 deadline Nov 8 - Essay Example Many of the experts are unable to say with any degree of certainty what percentage of training actually gets transferred. There are certain factors that inhibit transfer of training. The unsupportive organizational climate with its everyday demands and pressures could inhibit the application of what the employees learnt in the training. Though Abbott has done its best to provide all the resources and technology necessary for application of training, it is still debatable that training has been translated into performance. The low motivation levels of the employees could be the other factors that inhibit positive transfer of training. The theoretical nature of training in some areas also makes it more challenging to implement. Self management strategies such as goal-setting, living the values, keeping up the promises, help learners think about how they will use their knowledge and skills in the work setting. The personal SWOT analysis will also help employees to clearly know about themselves and to effectively implement what they have learnt during the training. There is strong point in knowing whether the training programs are actually delivering what they have been promising.

English Topic on 'CONFLICT' comparing two micro fiction Essay

English Topic on 'CONFLICT' comparing two micro fiction - Essay Example She then goes on to describe what the neighbor would hear, and what she would think: â€Å"I would say to myself how glad I was not to be her, not to be sounding the way she is sounding, with a voice like her voice and an opinion like her opinion†. From this, the reader can infer that this person does not like how she sounds when she talks to this man, and perhaps she does not even like herself. The conflict is thus internal, precisely in being who she is. The conflict in this story is psychological, and we are not given the reasons why the neighbor would not like to be her upon hearing her voice and her opinions. The narrator in fact stipulates that the neighbor would not like what she hears, and would be glad not to be her. One can say that this is a sort of projection upon the neighbor of the narrator’s own dislike of herself when she talks to this man. The dilemma is thus in this woman’s ambivalence between liking herself and not liking However, all of this up to this point has been stipulated on the supposition that she were not herself, i.e. that she were not who she was. She resolves this conflict by saying: â€Å"But I cannot hear myself from below, as a neighbor, I cannot hear how I ought not to sound, I cannot be glad I am not her, as I would be if I could hear her.† Thus, to hear herself as a neighbor, from below, is an impossibility, as she is â€Å"not her†, meaning the neighbor, because she is herself, and she cannot put herself in the neighbor’s shoes and not like herself. The conflict is resolved in the final sentence: â€Å"Then again, since I am her, I am not sorry to be here, up above, where I cannot hear her as a neighbor, where I cannot say to myself, as I would have to, from below, how glad I am not to be her.† Given that this imaginary situation is an impossibility, the conflict is simply resolved by this

From Grass to Grace, - My Family's American Dream Success Essay

From Grass to Grace, - My Family's American Dream Success - Essay Example The constant fear of the safety of the families and friends they left behind in the war zones gave him sleepless nights. My grandfather especially had a very rough time accepting that all he had worked for all his life was destroyed by the civil war. This was a bitter pill for him to swallow at first and he still has those memories fresh in his mind since he hardly skips a day without mentioning it. Having lost all his life savings in the war, the money he had made from a laborer job in a coal mining firm in Nigeria. Since he had been brought up in a poor family he had to struggle in his youth doing manual jobs. All along he had a dream of re-establishing his father’s blacksmiths business which had been shattered by the war, but as time lapsed his dreams became more and more unachievable. Son, the ugliness of the war became a blessing in disguise. As the opportunity to leave behind the dead zone with his young family for the United States was like a dream come true. To them th is was a second chance to start afresh since the United States was described as a land of milk and honey. Getting a visa was difficult at the time when racial discrimination was still high in the US and despite all these to them it was better than living in the war zone. They came into the country with great optimism like the other immigrants, who had heard stories of individual opportunity and the possibility of achieving upward mobility in America. They counted on these promises of paradise on earth, a land that would yield to them all the good things they had lacked in their home country. Their notion towards individual opportunity can be attributed to many rag-to-riches stories of 18th century. Furchtgott-Roth et.al in their book ‘To make World Anew; A history of African Americans’ focused on a young man’s progress from a poor background towards fame and fortune (2009). This was a perfect comparison with my grandfather’s life, he grew from a poor and w ar ravaged neighborhood and struggled to achieve a better life for him and his family. His life was full of struggles from childhood to his adulthood; he had to endure so much to become successful. Although this story was written centuries ago its legacy has been resilient, passing from one generation to another. Unaware of the unflinching anxiety that triggers from societal expectations they started life in a foreign country where they knew nothing about but only the success myths they had heard. Since they had little knowledge of the foreign land they had to face many challenges before they start their lives afresh. It was difficult to get a well paying job and because my grandparents did not have enough education they had to work in several jobs but still the pay was not enough to sustain them. As time went along they started to realize that the actualization of their dreams might be further than they had thought. With every promise of individual opportunity dangling with high pr ize, those factors that would demean prospects surfaced. Having left their country with virtually nothing, they had a tough time ahead and if they were to make it they had to struggle with multiple jobs. I remember my dad telling me that my grandparents left Nigeria with only 75 dollars as their savings. With no job at hand, finding a job to sustain their lives was the greatest challenge; they could not afford house rent and had to live in a shelter home in Alabama. At this time they relied on

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Research Paper - 2

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design - Research Paper Example 432). The real problem was that GM had developed too many levels of management. The number of corporate stuff was huge. So the decision making was slow and cumbersome, and, therefore, change was difficult. So the major challenge the new management faced was to eliminate the hierarchical levels and reduce the total number of managers. The top management expected that such a move will reduce operating cost, improve communication, and encourage innovation. Some analysts estimated a termination of 20,000 managers. The task was enormous (Jones & Mathew, 2007, p. 432). The board was of the belief that the shareholders’ interest can be served only by taking tough organizational design decisions. In 1993, GM announced its intention to cut 50,000 hourly and 24,000 salaried jobs and to close or consolidate 21 parts and assembly plants by 1995 to save money. The revolt by the board was an important mile stone in GM’s history. From that point on, GM’s performance improved every year (Jones & Mathew, 2007, p. 432). Conflict is not all about war, violence, and loss of life. By definition, a conflict is simply a disagreement among people on an issue. Conflicts can be small, as among two persons, or they can be large and complex, as among two or more countries. Conflict is a natural and normal part of human life and interaction. When communication to settle a conflict is constructive, the conflict is beneficial. Constructive approach stimulates new understandings and more socially just solution with stronger relationship. In case of a communication breakdown, conflict can lead to separation and hostility (Sughru, 2009, pp.7-8). While analyzing conflicts, it is better to break down the issue into five variables (Sughru, 2009, p. 10). First and foremost we need a complete picture of the actors and understand their direct or indirect role. In other cases, an actor may not be

Annotated Bibliographies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Bibliographies - Essay Example Onjira and Gilbert (2009) illustrate the affordances of machine-processable competency modeling. They argue that machine processing is invaluable in e-learning and assessment. They emphasize its effectiveness in e-learning. In addition, Onjira and Gilbert (2009) present the competency model’s affordances in generating questions, distractors, and adaptive query sequences. In the article, they conclude that using machine-processable competency overcomes many limitations in interoperability, reusability, and portability. They illustrate that printing of non-English characters, deploying computers in language classrooms and developing language software are now possible because of advanced technology. The article by Fischer elaborated the role of technology in language learning. Smith and Schulze (2013) discuss replication while highlighting its benefits and possible causes of misunderstanding. They argue that not all studies can be replicated, but the existence of replication connotes maturity of the field. Rabuzzi illustrates that dismissal state of STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) education is reported every week in the U.S. according to him, the risks in STEM subjects are because of the post-Cold War economic competition (Rabuzzi, 2014). Rabuzzi argues that improving STEM performance will foster talents of citizens as well as retain their world standing. He also argues that erasing the false divide that exists between scientific inquiry as well as humanistic learning will boost science education. Hughes, J. (2013). Descriptive Indicators of Future Teachers’ Technology Integration in the PK- 12 Classroom: Trends from a Laptop-Infused Teacher Education Program. J. Educational Computing Research, 48(4) 491-516. Hughes claims that integration of mobile technologies with professional teacher preparation will advance learning from one discipline approach to integrated learning approach. In connection with this claim, Hughes

Demographic Transition Models Essay Example for Free

Demographic Transition Models Essay The Demographic Transition is a model that describes population change over time. As with all models, the demographic transition model has its applications and limitations. Applications The model describes population change over time and can be applied to many countries (based on the change in crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) over time) Can be used for comparison and also prediction from stages 1 to 4 Outline the population characteristics of societies at various stages of the development Population structures can be related to the model The model is often applied to lesser developed countries to allay concerns regarding overpopulation, without proof that the underlying dynamics will allow these countries to trace similar evolution paths as the European and other Western countries. Limitations Birth rates in several MEDCs have fallen below death rates (Germany, Sweden). This has caused, for the first time, a population decline which suggests that perhaps the model should have a fifth stage added to it. However the model does not go beyond Stage 4. The model assumes that in time all countries pass through the same four stages. It now seems unlikely, however, that many LEDCs, especially in Africa, will become industrialized External influences are not considered. The model assumes that the fall in the death rate in Stage 2 was the consequence of industrialisation.  Initially, the death rate in many British cities rose, due to the unsanitary conditions which resulted from rapid urban growth, and it only began to fall after advances were made in medicine. The delayed fall in the death rate in many developing countries has been due mainly to their inability to afford medical facilities. In many countries, the fall in the birth rate in Stage 3 has been less rapid than the model suggests due to religious and/or political opposition to birth control (Brazil), whereas the fall was much more rapid, and came earlier, in China where the government introduced the one child policy. The timescale of the model, especially in several south-east Asian countries such as Hong Kong and Malaysia, is being squashed as they develop at a much faster rate than did the early industrialised countries. The model assumes that all countries will go through the stages 1 to 4 in that exact order. There are variables and exceptions such as war and turmoil that may lead to different results. Some countries may even skip stages Eg. Countries that grew as a consequence of emigration from Europe (USA, Canada, Australia) did not pass through the early stages of the model. The model only reflects natural increase. Eg. There was a major migration overseas during a time period in the UK, where millions were unemployed had an effect on the population on its age structure and as a whole. The model does not forecast changes or provide explanations as to why one stage might lead to the next. The DTM is also limited in the sense that it gives a generalized picture of population change over time based on European studies, assuming that all countries would follow suit.

Pizza Hut Market Analysis

Pizza Hut Market Analysis SWOT Analysis of Pizza Hut (S)trengths 1. Pizza Hut is a welcomed fast food brand in the UK. In a survey, Pizza Huts ranked No.4 in the Most loved list of eating out in UK (Marketing Online 2008). 2. Pizza Hut already uses the online ordering service successfully. Among the Unique audience ranking of Pizza Brand Site, Pizza Hut took the No.1, 515,000, which exceeded Dominos 365,000 (Luan, 2009) (W)eaknesses 1. Fault management decision. Pizza Huts rebranding of some of its outlets as Pasta Hut has generated consumer discussion, but it is a stunt that is unlikely to produce long-term growth for the brand'(Schrezenmaier 2008). (O)pportunities 1. Nutritional food. Restaurant chain Pizza Hut has confirmed that it will become one of the first foodservice operators in the UK to offer nutritional information on its menus as part of new voluntary initiative.'(Market Watch: Global Round-up online 2009). 2. ATM activity. Pizza Hut is launching an advertising campaign using cash machines to promote the launch of its fixed-price Happy Hour menu (Marketing Online 2009). (T)hreats 1. Dominos Price. Dominos has always priced its pizzas at a premium compared with those of Pizza Huts delivery service and independent rivals (Marketing online 2008). 2. Fat Concern. Pizza Hut listed its Mediterranean Deluxe cheesy bites pizza contends 4.392 calories. It keeps you going far about two days-daily intake should be 2,500 for men and 2.000 for women (Director online 2009). Pizza Huts Current Communication Mix 1) Sales promotion One of Pizza Huts more recent sales promotions is its Happy Hour menu. The Happy Hour menu provides consumers the choice not only pizza, but also pasta, salad and plus garlic bread and a drink. Pizza Hut promoted this menu at a  £4 fixed price. Pizza Hut premiered this promotion using an ATM advertising campaign. The purpose of this campaign is to hopefully increase visits by customers to Pizza and was cleverly timed to premier around pay-day for most of the working public. 2) Sponsorship Pizza Hut possesses a wide sponsorship in different and variety areas from past until now. For instance, the notable sponsorship of Pizza Hut is as a part of PepsiCos. There has also been partnerships with Formula one, Euro 96 and was a sponsor of the Newcastle Vipers ice hockey team from 2007/08 EIHL season. Nowadays, Pizza Hut is proud to sponsor National Family Week. This is the biggest official celebration of families and Pizza Hut is a gold sponsor of such an exciting new initiative backed by the largest coalition of family in the UK. (The Greenwich Gazette, 2009) Therefore due to the association with such reputable brands, sponsorship is a very useful method of marketing for Pizza Hut and has helped communicate the image of Pizza Hut to its target audience. 3) E-marketing The internet communication of Pizza Hut plays an important role for customers. Pizza Hut also has used social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter to create E-marketing. Facebook users can join a Pizza Hut group and receive information of any promotions. This new form of marketing is Pizza Hut adapting to new technology and understanding there are a lucrative options for marketing this way. The target audience that use social networking sites most profoundly Generation X and this creates a parallel to a large proportion of Pizza Huts target audience. 4) Branding In 2008 Pizza Hut rebranded its UK business to Pasta Hut. The expenditure of this rebranding cost  £100M (Marketing Week, 2008) as it refurbished many restaurants and also created new outlets. The change of the brands name could be seen as a trial exercise to promote and test the markets acceptability of the new name. It has been noted however that most of people still prefer the previous name Pizza Hut and found the rebranding of Pasta Hut stale and uninteresting. Objectives Objective 1: To introduce a healthy alternative within the pizza market. A motivational conflict arises for many people when thinking of going to Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut is seen by many people as a fast food restaurant and fast food restaurants are associated with unhealthy food and therefore obesity. This consciousness has become more apparent especially after such documentaries as Super Size Me in which Morgan Spurlock carries out a task in which for a whole 30 days he cant eat or drink anything that isnt on McDonalds menu (IMDB, 2009) This is why Pizza Hut needs to be more aware of looking after its customers health and to give a healthier option for the more diet conscious customers. Therefore the proposal is a selection of pizzas in which you get one of your five a day, these pizzas will also use low fat and low salt. There will also be an option to have wholemeal pizza base to help increase customers fibre content. Pizza Hut has already reduced their salt content in there pizzas; in some cases by as much as 30% (InfoFrancise, 2009), in the last 3 months and since 2007 removed hydrogenated vegetable oils from all its food items, but it is viewed that there is limited awareness of this option for consumers. Objective 2: To ensure that Pizza hut has a healthy alternative in their main product to react to competitors healthy versions. Although Pizza Hut has options of salad and healthy pastas, to compete with competitors there must be a healthy and interesting alternative for more health conscious people. This can be seen in fast food alternatives such as Subway in which there are 12 low fat options all under 6 grams of fat. Dominos, a main competitor of Pizza Hut have an option of reduced fat cheese in which it states 100% great taste, 33% less fat. Therefore to compete effectively with competitors such as Dominos, Pizza Hut needs to produce a campaign that offers a healthy range and then communicate this to their customers. One of the main customer bases are parents either looking for more sophisticated and healthier options for themselves when taking their children to Pizza Hut or for the health conscious parents who are worried about their children eating fast food, this campaign needs to party be aimed at them. Objective 3: To create a new image of Pizza Hut as a restaurant chain that cares and wants to keep its customers healthy. The image of Pizza Hut such as many other fast food restaurants to much of the public is associated with food that has high contents of fat and salt. As the rate of adult obesity is 23%, almost twice the level in France (The Daily Mail, 2009) and also by far the worst rate in Europe, much focus by the government has been put on campaigns to bring attention to this worrying statistic and assist the public with information on how to keep healthy. Therefore Pizza Hut has decided to bring out a new campaign and also through this, a new image of a restaurant that understands the growing issue of obesity and wants to provide and encourage its customers to choose healthy options when visiting Pizza Hut. Hopefully also this campaign should encourage a new customer base of customers due to becoming more health conscious have not visited Pizza Hut as frequently. It is also aimed to encourage existing customers to visit more frequently by relinquishing the guilt of eating food with a high calorific count. Marketing Strategy Pull strategy The healthy eating campaign is directed at end user customers in order to generate increased level of awareness, change and/or reinforce attitudes, reduce risk, encourage involvement and ultimately provoke a motivation within the target group. The campaign hopes to create a motivation for the consumer to therefore stimulate action within the target audience. The consumer expects the offer to be available to them when they decide to enquire, experiment or make a repeat purchase (Fill, 2009). The pull strategy requires the brand to allocate a large proportion of funds to advertising, this is especially so when using mass media and sales promotion. Pizza Hut aims at attaining the objectives of the pull strategy by using television and internet advertising. These advertising forms are seen as very credible examples of mass media as they have the ability for mass penetration which in turn reduces the unit cost of the advertising. This above-the-line communication is accentuated by the use of sales promotions which is a below-the-line communication. Sales promotion which is another aspect of the pull strategy, its aimed at creating a demand for the product in the consumers psyche, this creation of a want/need increases the likelihood of a purchase. The Marketing Communications Mix To ensure that our message manages to reach as much of the target audience as possible we have chosen to use the following communication approach. This approach uses a combination of advertising using two media forms, the internet and television. In accordance with the advertising, sales promotions and public relations will be carried out to hopefully guarantee the success of the campaign. Television The creation of television provided a new opportunity for widespread effective advertising. When viewing advertisements the public assesses what the advert conveys and how it conveys this message. This causes the public to evaluate aspects such as presentation, creative appeal as well as of course the message. Therefore due to impact that this powerful audio-visual tool can have on the audience, it is imperative that much consideration is given to the impression that is portrayed. One major benefit of television advertising is that it has a very high level of penetration. Statistics have shown that in the United Kingdom on average the public watches television for 28 hours per person per week (Nationmaster, 2009). This therefore provides a lucrative possibility for many corporations. Due to the audio-visual possibilities that television advertising provides it gives the advertisers an opportunity to utilize the creative potential and fully portray the message desired which consequently helps the brand to achieve its aspired goals. For the television advertisement, a brand such as Pizza Hut should produce adverts that are creative and entertaining but also ensures that the core message is clearly communicated. The advertisement must be appealing to keep the attention of the audience to hopefully limit the effect that surrounding noise and distractions may have. There is a tendency of many consumers to directly link the credibility of a brand with the credibility of the medium, and television advertising is perceived as a highly credible source to most audiences. Therefore the credibility of the Pizza Hut campaign has high chances of being enhanced if it associated with TV adverts. The television advertisement for the new campaign needs to be positively engaging on the emotional and psychological grounds. Our basic aim is to implement the pull strategy to create a demand for this new product category via the mass media. The target audience for the pizza hut campaign is the health conscious segment, but health consciousness is reflected in varied shades for different individuals, and this consideration is depicted in the television advertisement. The advertisement shows an ordinary British family consisting of a mother, a father and two teenagers; a son and a daughter. They are discussing what to have for dinner at the dining table. One option that is discussed is pizza, and it shows the four different perspectives of having pizza for dinner. The mothers standpoint is that pizza wouldnt be suitable as it is unhealthy and lacks proper nutrients for the family, while the daughters perspective is that she would have motivational conflicts due to the high calorie count and the diet she has been carrying out, the son also may have a similar negative perspective due an extensive work-out schedule that he has been keeping to and doesnt want to ruin and that father may be worried about blood pressure and cho lesterol that are common with his age and therefore the consensus is not to order a pizza even though everyone would enjoy the experience. A pizza base appears magically on their table and tops itself up with all the healthy ingredients like vegetables/grilled lean whit meat/low fat cheese etc, which adds to the health quotient of a pizza. The advert now describes the complete new range of healthy Pizzas from Pizza Hut. This advertisement aims to appeal to its audiences through an emotional stance. Understanding a mothers basic instinct to ensure the family keeps healthy, understanding many teenagers insecurities as well as understanding the worries about health for the majority of the aging population. The psychological perspective of this advert would be that people are enjoying a pizza without experiencing cognitive dissonance. The advert would have a strong visual appeal to create the sense that it would be delicious and full of flavour, this would be carried out with visually appealing colours of the topping as well as the surrounding background of the advert. The slogan used for this advert is Pizzas Just Got Healthier. This is a clear, strong slogan and it also communicates the core idea of the whole advertising campaign in lucid, simple language which is easily retained by consumers. The slogan also is able to depict an image of the brand which cares about its customers health through an product innovation. The sales promotion that is integrated into the campaign will be shown at the end of the advert with a change in the tonal quality of the speaker, this is aimed at getting the audience to pay attention at the moment when the majority of the information is relayed. Refer to Appendix A for story board. The last but not the least the advert would be following the Association Guideline within C4S Golden Guidelines; the television advertisement will be aired throughout a entertainment/comedy section, throughout the time period of 6pm to 8 pm. This time period would be a high reach period as it after school and work when more members of the family are at home. It would be most viable to relate the advert to the shared territory and common targeting aspect of the Association Guidelines. Internet Advertising The internet is described by many as a one of the most important inventions of the century. It has been a part of a major revolution in technological development worldwide. With the advent of web based advertising in 1994, it has become an extremely convenient method for many brands to reach to the greater masses at a relatively lower cost in comparison to traditional media. The current generation is highly dependent on the internet, and therefore advertising online in the form of banner ads, button ads, pop ups are the smart and viable options for many reputed brands. Potter (1994) estimates that web based marketing results in ten times the units sold at one tenth of the advertising budget, and thats one of the most important reasons to opt for an online advert. An added bonus also is that consumers have the option of watching the advert as many times as they wish and so are able to obtain all the information that the advert provides. The new Pizza Hut campaign focuses mainly on giving healthier alternatives when visiting Pizza Hut, mainly in the forms Healthy Pizzas. This should be highlighted clearly to the audience as this should create an interest that may cause possible customers to acquire more information about the campaign. Another rationale for using web based advertising is the higher chance of an instantaneous purchase, as long as there is a option of purchasing the product or service. This impulse purchase effect will occur especially with food producers such as Pizza Hut, as it satisfies a physiological need in Maslows hierarchy of needs. To hopefully ensure a purchase it would be advisable for Pizza Hut to have an option of Order Now and a link to the website. Public Relations Harris (1998) indicates the purpose of marketing PR is to gain awareness, stimulate sales, facilitate communication, and build relationships between consumers and companies and brands. This opportunity is an interesting prospect for Pizza Hut and alongside advertising may enable the campaign to reach more of the target audience. Pizza Hut can use its public relations agency to promote its products, services as well as its corporate identity. This is especially useful as the campaign is aiming for an image change, public relations will help communicate this change to many different groups of stakeholders. Corporate public relations is responsible for establishing understanding and trust with individuals who have a potential or actual interest in the organisation, (Kitchen, 1997). According to Gruning (1992), corporate PR is the management of communication between an organisation and its publics. These may include health organisations, local businesses, local education authorities and potential customers along with many more groups. Pizza Hut can use and associate the high credibility attached to this form of communication. (Fill et al, 2005) to create credibility and maintain the credibility of the brand. In order for Pizza Hut to be effective when carrying out its public relations, it will introduce newsletters informing the previously mentioned groups of what they are trying to do in its new health campaign. Pizza Hut could also evaluate the effectiveness of its public relations by offering readers the chance to comment on the company and any articles through the feedback form at the back of the newsletter. Pizza Hut has decided to put together an article with a major newspaper publisher about obesity levels and the new Pizza Hut healthy campaign. Public relations are often important at more of a corporate level and without this option Pizza Hut would struggle to be seen as a major food outlet. This can be seen as a form of publicity. Pizza Hut should also conduct a certain amount of public relations to its internal stakeholders such as staff and external stakeholders. Internally the employee magazine should be used and these cues should develop images and perceptions (Fill, 2005) in the mind of the stakeholders, internally as well as externally. Therefore the ability for public relations to reach a medium size audience and also portray a credible image indicates that Pizza Hut should be using PR as one of its communication tools. It must not be ignored however that public relations is more effective when integrated with other communication tools. By combining such tools as advertising with public relations it is possible to gain full national coverage something that would not necessarily be possible with other communication tools. Sales Promotions The institute of sales promotion (2004) defines sales promotion as a planned and implemented activity that both enhances product or service appeal and changes customer behaviour positively in return for an additional benefit for purchase or participation. (Yeshin, 2006) According to Yeshin (2006) sales promotion can function on three levels by communicating, catching the customers attention at the point of purchase'(Yeshin, 2006) as well as providing extra information that may influence the purchase decision. Sales promotions can also provide an incentive by offering some form of direct inducement, either immediate or delayed, which changed the perceptual base of the purchasing decision. (Yeshin, 2006) Sales promotions can also advance the purchasing decision and invite the consumer to engage in an immediate transaction. (Yeshin, 2006) Therefore there is a strong rationale for using sales promotions in the new Pizza Hut campaign. The ability to create a product trial and sampling is necessary aspect for the success of the campaign. Once attracting customers to try the new healthier pizza range, this hopefully will encourage repeat purchases and create a loyalty to the brand. Through this loyalty there will hopefully be an increase in frequency of purchase as well as different usage. The sales promotions that Pizza Hut are planning on integrating into the campaign are such as a grouping with Innocent Smoothies. Innocent Smoothies is a good association with this campaign as it is a well known smoothie brand which is related heavily with being healthy and prides itself on only using 100% natural, healthy renewable ingredients. (Innocent Drinks, 2009) have also already had success with the health conscious target audience already and so will create added value in the mind of this audience. The promotion that Pizza Hut is running is a Meal Deal in which a choice of healthy pizzas accompanied with either an innocent smoothie or a side salad. This Meal Deal will be set at  £4.99. Through these promotions there will hopefully be an increase in market share due to brand switching. A pull strategy will occur in which consumer decides to choose Pizza Hut over competing brands. Unlike some other tools of marketing communication, which work over a longer term, sales promotion produces rapid results and return on investment is often substantial. However it will be used along side with other marketing communication tools for this campaign so as to bring about an integrated marketing communication approach. Scheduling and Implementation All the creatives for the campaign will be carried out via an agency used by Pizza Hut on previous successful campaigns. As commented on the agencies website regarding the results of one of their campaigns. The following year Pizza Hut UK reported their best-ever financial results and achieved the goals in their five-year plan a year early (Cchange, 2009) Media Planning essentially means the process of establishing the exact media vehicles to be used for advertising. (Entrepreneur, 2009) After having defined our specific target group which is the Health Conscious customers, and using a pull strategy, the media planning would automatically be done for the mass media, and TV and web based advertising have been chosen based on their wider reach at a relatively lower cost. The media planning has been done keeping in mind the following aspects:- Reach. Shown as a percentage, reach is the number of individuals (or homes) the product is aimed to be exposed to through specific media scheduled over a given period of time. (Entrepreneur, 2009) Frequency. Using specific media, on average how many times an audience be exposed to the advertising message? It takes an average of three or more exposures to an advertising message before consumers take action. (Entrepreneur, 2009) Cost per point. Whats the cost of buying one rating point for the target audience; which equals one percent of target audience, its a method used in comparing broadcast media. Impact. Does the medium used create opportunities when appealing to the senses, such as sight and hearing, in its design and production? Selectivity. To what extent can the message be limited to the people who are known to be the most realistic prospects. The distribution in this case is direct B2C as the pull strategy is used extensively which aims at minimizing the distribution channels. Both the TV and web adverts will be aired January to August, and this timescale is chosen to synergize the idea of healthy pizzas with people trying to be on a diet and lose weight during the summer when the public is more inclined to exposing themselves to d summer sun, and a fit body is an added advantage to that. Resources Budgeting The below table indicates the budget used during the previous years and hence the marketing campaigns will be based around these figures. Leading pizza restaurants and takeaway chains have increased their spend over the past few years. (Mintel, 2009). Therefore as this will be Pizza Huts biggest campaign of 2010 a sizable budget will be assigned. This will be set at between 15-20% of their annual marketing spend assigned to this new healthy pizza campaign. The campaigns will be targeted from January to August. The reasoning behind this is as the New Year is a time when people are beginning to make resolutions about their diet. The lead up to the holiday season summer should also be heavily targeted as many people will want to get in shape for their holidays and gain the perfect body. PR The PR agency will be held by Pizza Hut on a retainer basis of  £2,000 a month. The benefit for Pizza Hut is that most agencies will sacrifice some time recovery for the sake of certainty, so the client will always get better value through paying a regular fixed amount. (B2bm, 2009) TV TV adverts cost have been calculated on the following basis. In general TV adverts are bought on a cost per thousand viewer basis, most channels offer discounts on ITVs standard price of  £5.69* per thousand viewers. (TV Advertising, 2009) Since the advertisements will be carried out during peak evening and afternoon times when the family are together a higher rating will be achieved as a result a high budget has been set for this. As commented by where on the earth group the average budget for producing a 30 second commercial in the UK is around  £140,000 (Ehereontheearthgroup, 2009). Hence this is the budget set for the creative of the TV advert. On-Line Advertising. The banner advertising budget will be based on the fact that a banner ad on Yahoo! would cost you anywhere between $2,000 to $5,000 per month. (Benchmark communications, 2009). In pounds that is roughly 1,500- 3500 a month. As other companies such as MSN will be used a sizable budget will be used every month. Pop up ads will be budgeted in a similar manner to this. The micro site development costs will be based up the design of the site and hosting by an agency including having SEO developed within the site. Sales promotions The main cost associated with these will be creative and done by the agency with the main cost be associated with printing of the sales promotion materials such as leaflets and inserts into the menus. As this is to be done nationwide the costs are expectedly high. Evaluation and Control Evaluation is important for two reasons. Firstly, as marketing becomes more important to management, performance of these campaigns increasingly affect remuneration. (Les Binet, 2005) Secondly, what you measure influences what you do. If you evaluate things correctly, then you are able to increase profits by ensuring marketing funds are spent sensibly. If you evaluate things inaccurately there is a risk you marketing priorities will be distorted and funds assigned incorrectly. (Les Binet, 2005) This campaign will be evaluated using the measuring techniques below: Recall and recognition:-In order to check the awareness level the target audience have about the advert the recall test will be used to check how many times viewers spontaneously remember the advert and how well they are able to recognised it when taken away and brought back Sales- The level of sales generated during this campaign will be compared to previous sales, this will help when evaluating the impact of the sales promotion and advertising on the target audience. Web site tracking: There will also be a comparison of traffic on the website before and after the campaign. Online advertising: The click through rate that is the percentage of viewers who click on a banner advert would also be tracked. References De Avila, J. (2008). Home Family Shopping Around / Healthier Pizzas. Wall Street Journal. D.2. Potter,E. (1994). Commercialization of the World Wide Web. Well Topic in the Internet Conference on Well. Fill, C (2005). Marketing strategies and concepts engagements, strategies and practice. 4th ed. Pearsons Education Ltd. p36 793. Gruning, J (1992). Excellence in Public Relations and Communications Management. New Jearsy: Lawrence Erlbaum. P18 307 Hackley, C (2005). Advertising and promotion communicating brands. Sage Publications. p25 209. Harris, T (1998). Value Added Public Relations. Chicargo: Business Book. p 14 199. Kitchen, P (1997). Relations Principles and Practice. London: Thomson Business. p22 178. B2BM (2009). Agency remuneration revisited. Available: http://www.b2bm.biz/features/?groupId=13225articleId=24367. Last accessed on 4th December 2009. Benchmark communications. (2009). Available: http://www.bmcommunications.com/int_ad.htm. Last accessed 4th December 2009. CChange. (2005). How We Help. Available: http://www.cchange.co.uk/. Last accessed 1st December 2009. Director. (2009). 10 THINGS we discovered last month. Available: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=39349129site=bsi-live). Last accessed 30 November 2009 Entrepreneur. (2009). Media Planning. Available: http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82454.html. Last accessed 1st December 2009. Greenwich Gazzette. (2009). Pizza Hut is proud to sponsor National Family Week the biggest offcial celebration of families. Available: http://thegreenwichgazette.blogspot.com/2009/05/pizza-hut-is-proud-to-sponsor-national.html. Last accessed 2th December 2009. IMDb. (2004). Plot Summary for Super Size Me. Available: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0390521/plotsummary. Last accessed 5th December 2009. Info Franchise. (2008). New healthy menus at Pizza Huts. Available: http://www.infofranchise.co.uk/detail.cfm?IdNotizia=11136IdSezione=3strKey=en. Last accessed 4th December 2009. Innocent. (2009). Keeping things natural. Available: http://www.innocentdrinks.co.uk/us/ethics/keeping_natural/. Last accessed 29th November 2009. Jack, L. (2008). Pizza Hut rebrands to Pasta Hut . Available: http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/in-depth-analysis/pizza-hut-rebrands-to-pasta-hut/2062734.article. Last accessed 4th December 2009. Luan, G. (2009). Pizza Hut claims boom in sales over Christmas places it top of online food chain. New Media Age. Available: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=36560617site=bsi-live Last accessed 2nd December 2009. Martin, D. (2009). Britain sickest country in Europe with worst rates of obesity and teenage pregnancy. Available: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1129964/Britain-sickest-country-Europe-worst-rates-obesity-teenage-pregnancy.html. Last accessed 27th November 2009. Marketing. (2008). Dominos breaks menu price vow. Marketing. Available: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=32135052site=bsi-live . Last accessed 30th November 2009. Marketing. (2008). Eating out. Marketing. Available: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=32135123site=bsi-live. Last Accessed 2nd December 2009. Marketing. (2009). Pizza Hut in ATM activity. Marketing. Available: http://0-search.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=36441379site=bsi-live). Last accessed 2nd December 2009. Market Watch. (2009). Pizza Hut: nutrition on the menu Food. Market Watch: Global Round-up. Available: http://0search.ebscohost.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=36888427site=bsi-live. Last accessed 2nd December 2009. Mintel. (2009). Pizza-UK 2009. Available: ht

Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate

Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate by Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize methyl nitro benzoate from methyl benzoate, as well as nitroacetanilide from concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by using an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The HNO3 and H2SO4 were combined to form a nitrating solution, which was added to a mixture of methyl benzoate and H2SO4, and the same was done with acetanilide. Following recrystallization, melting point was used to identify and characterize the product of the reaction. The melting point was determined to be 74 ËÅ ¡C-80 ËÅ ¡C for methyl nitro benzoate and for nitroacetanilide it was 195 ËÅ ¡C-200 ËÅ ¡C, which indicates meta-regiochemistry for methyl benzoate and para-regiochemistry for nitroacetanilide. The percent yield of this reaction for the recrystallized product was 59.3% of methyl nitrobenzoate, while it was 6.75% for nitroacetanilide. Figure 1: The reaction for the nitration of acetanilide. Figure 2: The reaction for the nitration of methyl benzoate. Experimental Concentrated sulfuric acid (0.6 mL) and concentrated nitric acid (0.5 mL) were added to a reaction flask and placed in an ice bath. Concentrated sulfuric acid (1 mL) was added to methyl benzoate (0.5 g) in a vial which was then packed in ice, and the same was done with acetanilide.ÂÂ   While stirring, the cold H2SO4/HNO3 mixture was added drop-by-drop. After the acid mixture was added, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice to warm to room temperature, with stirring. It was then transferred by Pasteur pipet into a beaker and stirred for five minutes. The methyl benzoate nitration formed white solid, and the acetanilide nitration for a light yellow solid. The crystals were the vacuum filtered with a Buchner funnel. The crude product was recrystallized by adding a distilled water and ethanol slowly while heating the product. While cooling, the solution produced large white crystals for methyl benzoate nitration and light yellow crystals for the acetanilide nitration. The ma ss, melting point percent yield were obtained. Results and Discussion Through the use of electrophilic aromatic substitution, acetanilide is nitrated to nitroacetanilide, while methyl benzoate was nitrated to methyl nitrobezonate. The first step of the reaction involved in the donation of an electron pair, which generates the nitronium ion from nitric acid by protonation and loss of water, using sulphuric acid as the dehydrating agent. The mechanism for methyl benzoate can be seen below. Figure 3: The mechanism of the nitration of methyl benzoate to methyl nitrobenzoate. To prevent acetanilide from dinitrating, the nitrating solution of HNO3 and H2SO4 were added drop by drop to the acetanilide solution, so that the concentration of the nitrating agent is kept at minimum. The cooler temperatures were used to reduce the reaction rate and help to avoid over nitration. The electrophilic aromatic substitutions involved the replacement of a proton on an aromatic ring with an electrophile that becomes substituent. The sulfuric acid protonates the methyl benzoate, which creates the resonance stabilized arenium ion intermediate.3 The electron deficient nitronium ion reacts with the protonated intermediate meta position. The ester group is the meta deactivator and the reaction takes place at the meta position because the ortho and para positions are destabilized by adjacent positives charges on the resonance structure.2 The major product of the methyl benzoate nitration is the meta product due to carboxyl and nitro groups both being powerful electron withdrawing groups. Table 1: The weight, melting point, and percent yield of both Nitroactenilide and Methyl Nitrobenzoate. Product Name Crude Weight (g) Product Weight (g) Percent Yield (%) Melting Point (ËÅ ¡C) Literature Melting Point (ËÅ ¡C) Nitroactenilide 0.585 0.045 6.75% 195-200 214-217 Methyl Nitrobenzoate 0.56 0.32 59.3% 74-80 78-80 The actual yield of methyl nitrobenzoate is 0.32 g while the theoretical yield is 0.54 g. The melting point is 74ËÅ ¡C 80ËÅ ¡C, and the value is closed to the literature value which is 78ËÅ ¡C 80 ËÅ ¡C. The percent yield for the methyl benzoate electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction was 59.3% with 0.32g of methyl nitrobenzoate formed. The percent yield for the reaction with acetanilide was 6.75% with 0.045g of nitroacetanilide formed, which can be seen in table 1. The melting point observed was 195-200 ËÅ ¡C, which can be accounted for impurities in the product, which can be seen below in table 1. Some impurities might be Ortho and Meta directing substances, as well as there could have been some experimental errors that occurred during the experiment such as not overheating solutions during the reactions. These low yields may have resulted from poor recrystallization, product lost during transfer from one apparatus to another, or human error. The miss ing percent accounts for the impurities removed during recrystallization. However, some product must have been lost in the acetanilide reaction recrystallization because of such a low percent yield. The melting point of the final product was 74-80 ËÅ ¡C suggesting that it was formed by meta-substitution. The literature melting point for meta-methyl nitrobenzoate is 78-80 ËÅ ¡C. Therefore, the melting point is lower than it should be suggesting that an impurity is in the product. This impurity may have occurred due to poor recrystallization or it may have been picked up after recrystallization. The melting point of the nitroacetanilide product was 195-200 ËÅ ¡C suggesting the para-regiochemistry. The literature melting point for the p-nitroacetanilide is 214-217 ËÅ ¡C. Therefore, the melting point of the product is a little lower than the literature value, suggesting that an impurity exists in the product from poor recrystallization of contact with an impurity during recrystallization. The methyl nitrobenzoate product was determined to be meta-substituted based on its melting point range. This can also be proved by evaluating the attack of the benzene ring of methyl benzoate on the electrophililic species and nitric acid.4 The C-OCH3 substituent is a meta-deactivator. Therefore, when the benzene ring attacks the nitronium ion, the NO3+ group will add meta-positon. This creates a resonance stabilized arenium ion without a positive charge on the carbon with the C-OCH3 substituent. Then the proton is removed from the meta position by the weak base, the HSO4-, formed in the creation of the nitronium ion, which reforms the sulfuric acid catalyst.3 Once the proton is removed the substitution product, methyl nitrobenzoate remains. The nitroacetanilide product was formed by a para-substitution. This can be determined by examining the melting point and comparing it to the literature values for each position.4 However, this can also be determined when examining the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of acetanilide on the electrophile, nitric acid. The NHCOCH3 substituent is an ortho-para-activator. Therefore, when the benzene ring of acetanilide attacks the nitronium ion, it can add ortho or para. The para substitution, if more stable than an ortho substitution, will be added because the para position is a further distance from the position of the NHCOCH3 substituent. Therefore, the benzene ring adds at the para position based on the melting point and resonance in the mechanism shown above. Conclusion The methyl m-nitrobenzoate and p-nitroacetanilide were prepared. The percentage yield is 6.75% for nitroacetanilide and 59.3% for methyl nitrobenzoate. The melting point of the products are 74ËÅ ¡C 80ËÅ ¡C and 195ËÅ ¡C 200ËÅ ¡C. From the given physical constant, the literature melting point of methyl m-nitrobenzoate is 78 80ËÅ ¡C and 214ËÅ ¡C 217ËÅ ¡C for nitroacetailide, so it can be concluded that the products were methyl m-nitrobenzoate and p-nitroacetanilide. References Wade, Jr., L.G. Organic Chemistry 2003, 722-741. Chemistry Laboratory Manual: Susquehanna University 2014, 242-244 250 ChemFinder.Com. Cambridge Soft Corporation. . Anerjee, Dhruv K. Ortho and Par % of Key Reaction. Utkarschemistry. 2013. Appendix A: Finding the Limiting Reagent Grams X 1 mol / molecular weight = moles of reactant Nitric Acid: 0.6 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 98.08 g/mol = 0.0061 mol Nitric Acid: 0.5 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 63.01 g/mol = 0.0079 mol Methyl Benzoate: (0.55 g X 1 mol) / 181.14 g/mol = 0.030 mol Appendix B: Calculating Theoretical Yield of Methyl Nitrobenzoate Moles of limiting reagent X molar ratio X molecular weight of product) / 1 mol = theoretical yield (0.030 X 181.13) / 1 mol = 0.54 g Appendix C: Calculating Percent Yield (Actual / theoretical) X 100% = percent yield (0.32 g/ 0.54 g) X 100% = 59.3%

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jens Mona in the Promised Land Essays

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land Novels that illustrate a confrontation between disparate cultures provide particularly straightforward insights into basic human behavior. Characters confronted with a cultural conflict must explore basic human commonalities to breach the gap between the cultures. In doing so, one diminishes the differences between her culture and the unknown culture, ultimately bringing her closer to her raw humanity. Simultaneously, this sets the stage for countless sociological case studies that may illuminate important human behaviors that are otherwise masked by the bias of a dominating culture. A prime subject for one such examination is Mona Chang, a natural-born American who strives to overcome the cultural pressure posed by her Chinese immigrant parents so that she may be accepted by her peers. Appearing in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land, Chang finds herself in a situation that tests her identity as an American. The test, occurring in her adolescence, proves inconclusive. In turn, it motivates Chang to affirm her identity at the expense of her maturity-a struggle that continues until she overcomes the factor that initially questioned her identity. Thus, the cultural backdrop of Jen's Mona in the Promised Land provides an excellent basis to study the human character, from which one may infer that an incident that causes identity confusion in one's adolescent life must be resolved before one may reach maturity. In Chang's case, her oriental appearance pairs her with Sherman Matsumoto, the newest ad... ... one must rely primarily upon the text itself as well as interviews with Jen. Although few scholarly resources are available with pertinence to this novel, it is not difficult to make a substantial argument for the aforementioned themes. Naturally, those themes apply only to adolescents who have not yet matured fully from a psychological perspective. In conclusion, the cultural clash in Jen's Mona in the Promised Land allows one to discern easily that one must figuratively conquer that which troubles her sense of identity lest her maturity remain underdeveloped. Works Cited April Guest: Gish Jen. McDougal Littell Page. 1999. . Jen, Gish. Mona in the Promised Land. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1997.

Tianjin Industrial Clusters :: essays research papers

Industrial Clusters in Tianjin Area About Industrial Clusters†¦ Nowadays, market competition is gradually changing from comptetition between enterprises to competition between value chains and even competition between industrial clusters. The development of industrial clusters is a social process changing from production of Ford type to specialized production. State owned enterprises cooperate with foreign companies, together to lower costs and improve market reaction to become world wide competitive. Industrial Clusters in Tianjin Factors that have triggered the development Tianjin to become an Industrial Cluster: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Development of state owned enterprises as foundation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large number of existent trained skilled industrial technical workers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Created manufacturing industry culture. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Created industrial atmosphere and institutional environment. Measures that need to be taken to move Tianjin to a better world wide position: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government should promote research and cooperation with universities and create research institutions. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Improve infrastructure to attract laborforce and international management. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reform state owned companies, and law frame. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strive toward a â€Å"Made in China† name. Overview of the 4 main important Industrial Clusters: Electronic Information Remarks:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -High LQ, (LQ =Location Quote, comparative advantage criteria of a certain industry in a certain region)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Mostly foreign owned. (USA, Korea, Japan Taiwan)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Very good cooperation between companies along the supply chain. Major Players:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motorola (63% of sales). Main Problems:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Mostly foreign companies leads to funds dependency (90% foreign, national average 73%. -State owned companies have small scale, insufficient investment, slow speed development, weak competitive power, brain drain and lack inner motivation force. -R&D interaction between companies, universities and research institutes are not present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Green Battery Remarks:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Research, Development, Production Leader in China   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Strong cooperation with Universties   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Extense variety of products, Li-on, Ni-MH, Amorphic Silicon batteries. Major Players:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Sanyo, Ltd Peace Bay Power, Tianjin Lishen Battery Ltd, Lantian Power. Main Problems:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Industrial Chain needs further improvement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Lack of innovation due to inadequate R&D compared worldwide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -High degree of automation, but low degree of flexibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Fewer types of products, high costs and slow speed to meet market needs. Automobiles Remarks:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -High Tax rate on imported automobiles has promoted the establishment of Auto Makers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Almost 100% dependent on Foreign funds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Rapid market demand growth leads to push the development of the Auto Industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Since China enter the WTO acquisitions and mergers have been very dynamic in this branch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -More than 700 foreign funded companies manufacture automobile accessories in China. Major Players:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Toyota, Tianjin Automobile Group (more than 50 small and medium enterprises), FAW Group

“Inventing Elliot” the Final Chapter

Spilling the whole story was easier than Elliot thought It would be. Not even for a single second did he feel bad about what he was doing. Elliot was changing again, but this time for the better, and he could see his old self again. As he came to a close, he finally looked up at the principal. He wasn't sure how to react to his expression of utter disappointment so he simply got up and left. The principle needed time to take In everything Elliot Just said and he had other things he needed to do. Next It was time for Elliot to take care of the yellow paper.Not many kids were In school yet so he stood alone at the bulletin board. As he looked at the yellow paper, images of Ben and the outside bathroom flashed through his mind. The pain he felt for Ben was overwhelming him. He quickly tore down the paper, flipped it over to the back side and let his pen move across it. â€Å"It's was all it read. Now he needed to make things right with Louise, and if he couldn't do that he at least nee ded to tell her the truth. And that's exactly what he did. He caught her leaving the library and she wasn't too enthused to see him.He told her the whole story similar to the way he told the principal, leaving out nothing, but this time he added in why he did that, how he felt when he did it, and what he really wanted to do, but couldn't. Some way through the conversation, he saw her eyes gradually perk up to something like the way they were before. He knew she wasn't ready to forgive and forget, but he also knew some sort of happiness was igniting inside her because she finally had the truth. It felt right to tell Louise everything because maybe now when they restart, their relationship wont eave to revolve around lies; Elitist's life won't have to revolve around lies.But Elliot still wasn't done with his honesty rampage. Finally he went home to confess to the last and probably most important person, his mother. She so desperately tried to help him, but he pushed her away until she had no idea who he was anymore. Elliot was ready to fix things. It was hard for him to understand how his mother could still love him after all the horrible things he did, but she did and always would. He was surprised to find her home already, but she said nothing as he walked In. Elliot sat own, somehow different than the last time his mother saw him, and she recognized that.Elliot was no longer the Elliot with the Guardians, the Elliot with Louise, the Elliot with Ben, or the Elliot at home. There was only one Elliot now. Elliot Sutton. And that was the only Elliot he ever needed to be. They were both quiet for a moment, and then Elliot whispered something, â€Å"Mom†¦ I think I'm ready to talk now. † And finally, Elliot Sutton took off his last mask. â€Å"Inventing Elliot† the Final Chapter By catastrophes early. Is there something I can do for you? † Before he answered Elliot walked in and kook of indifference and went deep, deep inside himself and pu lled out the old Elliot, down.Spilling the whole story was easier than Elliot thought it would be. Not even for in everything Elliot Just said and he had other things he needed to do. Next it was time for Elliot to take care of the yellow paper. Not many kids were in school yet so he and let his pen move across it. â€Å"It's over† was all it read. Now he needed to make Louise everything because maybe now when they restart, their relationship won't surprised to find her home already, but she said nothing as he walked in. Elliot sat

European settling in America Essay

The disc everywherey of the Americas was one of the biggest events in history. But somewhat tend to look over the item that the discovery of the Americas led also to the discovery of Native American groups who were already colonised here. So did the Europeans really withstand the flopeousness to settle in the Americas? The Europeans had every expert to settle in the Americas. They had this right because no nation or form of establishment had been established here. If a nation or government had been established, then it would be a different story. The problem with the Native Americans was that they were so sparsely spread out just about the Americas.If they had all been in one astronomical area things possibly could have at rest(p) better for them than they did. The Europeans did have every right to settle in the Americas, but they had dead no right to dispossess Indians of their land. The Indians had colonised here years and years before the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans. The Indians had somehow ventured over to the Americas, just as the Europeans had done, and made a home here. Europeans had no right to collect that a musical mode from them. The Europeans should have been more kind towards the Native Americans.They should have respected the incident that they had settled here first, but tender-hearted pride got in the way and they cherished what they couldnt have. The Europeans lied, cheated , and stole from the Indians making for a very confrontational accommodation. This is not the way they should have deceased about this. some(prenominal) things could have been done to aid in a more quietful accommodation. counterbalance and foremost, the Europeans could have settled anywhere else in the Americas, whereas it is very large with plenty of land. If they really wanted the specific land the Indians were on they could have coincided with them.They could have lived in peace amongst each otherwise. The two cultures could teach o ther new things, and help one another. If this cool it didnt work, the Europeans could have peacefully negotiated with the Indians, no violence or deceit involved. Sadly, the Europeans patrol wagon werent in the right organize when they came across the Indians, and most of the Europeans wanted the Indians gone or exterminated. As Christians, we are sibyllic to help others and be compassionate. Had the Europeans approached the Indians with this mindset things could have been done more peacefully among the two cultures.

Study of a sonnet, looking at examples by two different poets writing before 1900, showing how they use form to express their ideas

The outstandingest fount of a eulogy is that it reflects destructive deform and vigour. It in addition displays twain(prenominal) of the characteristics that the prai forgatherer may ca habit. For example, Shakespe be has addicted himself a wealth of characteristics throughout his works, entirely what struck me most, was his federal agency to fulfil what he compulsi matchlessd to say and would subscribe to up innumerable roles in which to display his message. I believe that this unveils a cutting facial expression of Shakespe atomic number 18 incessantlyy while he writes. I feel that my master(prenominal) aim in this essay is to scene at the differences, twain subtle and outright that make few of the greatest praises and prai waiters so very tell from bingle a nonher.Firstly, it is very important to explore a sonnet. The startle sonnet is c any(prenominal)ed, flog My heart by John Donne. This is a classic English sonnet written at the beginning of the Seventeenth coulomb w present Donne unravels his negativity to fightds himself, and how he demands to be lightd from his reprehensible and cast back to divinity fudges side. The second sonnet is called, live on Be Not majestic by John Donne. This is a secernate of melodic contrast against the rights of expiry, exploring why decease does non, in fact, pee either force-out all oer anything. In the deuce sonnets we see Donne as a man who heroicly demand matinee idol in his manners.He snarl separated from beau ideal because of his sins and shortcomings. Steir, a amateur k to sidereal dayti workforce for his views on Donne states that he could non see himself surrender from sin Donne finds it rugged to accept universe saved as a sinner and he brush off non convincingly imagine organism free from sin. In the absence of the capacity to imagine or feel either of these, Donnes deepest prayer essentia overseas telegramss be either to be ravished into chastity , or to escape from gods attention. Of these sonnets, many differences occurred. The exploration of these is salutary as important. For example, in both sonnets, Donne wanted idol to interfere wi one grammesandt delay into his life and encounter Donne to him.Donne could non bring himself directly to matinee idol because he entangle that he was unworthy of God. The examination of William Shakespe ars eighteenth sonnet gives us a sen epochnt into full-lengthness side of Shakespeares character. This particular sonnet discovers why the life of his tart is much(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than the kayo of any flower, any countryside, or any season. His character in this poetry hind balance be very weighty and appriseny at times, only when as the mood swiftly varietys, he shows that he has a loving and far more than tender side to himself. Shall I correspond thee has been an inspiration to many budding sonneteers and poets for a long time now.On the surface, the meter is simply a statement of praise about the beauty of his Mistress. Summer tends to go to unpleasant extremes of windiness and heat, but his mistress is al tracks mild and temperate. Summer is by the bye personified as the substance of heaven with its golden complexion the resourcefulness throughout is elemental and unaffected, with the darling buds of May giving way to the aeonian summertime, which Shakespeare promises his mistress.The language is non heavy with alliteration and nearly any frontier is its stimulate self-contained clause, approximately every line ends with whatsoever punctuation, which creates pause. over surveil my heart reveals the relationship Donne desired to engender with God. In this sonnet a proposition of violence and sexual conquest is present. The verbaliser is asking God to wastely possess him. Its as if God is a phallic and Donne is a subordinate female. In describing the spread and closing of the poesy, Steir s tates They rely on the cosmos of total spiritual dependence on God, on the need for man to be utterly regenerated by God-make new-not barely aided and assisted by him.The poem opens by asking God to thrash my heart. The word heart in Donnes time had a sexual connotation. jibe to Craig Payne, heart was originally slang for Vagina. As Payne points out this is to give much of the imagery of the poem in just one line. He is asking God to fall in him in order to make him new which shows that he is torn by his aversion side and necessarily to be made new, so he discount starting time again. Donne searchs to be playing hard to sting which tummy be analysed as if Donne is hard to also turn from his flagitious side.Donne goes on to use alliteration in, bruisee, blowe, shine ilk the sound of a blacksmiths peter against his anvil. He wants to be taken by God, further his defences are loyal. The image of a usurped t take aim gotsfolksfolk reveals this. Like a town that is universe held at siege, Donne has defences. Just as a town must be won over by drive so Donne. Phrasing homogeneous this contributes to an spot which tells us that Donne is incarcerated in the Devils lair and needs force to break his bars of some kind that hold him back. However, a town is normally not as strong as it appears to be from the outside.The nature of the line labour to admit you shows that Donne felt he should forcefully tell God to change his evil ways incessantly. Donne writes, Reason your viceroy in mee so that, even if God is unable to help Donne, then Donne allow for castigatetle for Gods second in command. This goat be read as if Donne is lodge for an angel to help him. Donne decides to go on to describe his strengths as weake or simulated to show a form of lie in the devil and his utter impotency over his demonic attitude. Donne then states, until now dearly I love you and a complication arises.Donne up until now was demanding God to do something abo ut his situation, soon enough now Donne is behaving differently and is p leave aloneing. This is to show he is excuse betrothed unto Gods enemy. By the enemy, Donne creates this evil figure, which is seen as the devil in a sinful and competitive nature. Like psyche trapped in a bad marriage he must be divorced or untied. He cannot break away alone thousandgh he must have Gods help. In order for him to be free from his sinful ways he calls on God to fight for him to be free and then, he can marry God.He states, take me to you, imprison me as if Donne can neer escape to bad ways ever again. In the most ignominious signal of all, Donne asks God to ravish him so that he can be free and chaste. It is being ravished or raped that will free Donne from his sin and his bond with the devil. Craig Payne states that it can be interpreted to be spiritual, That which is humanly delicate and even exploitative becomes divinely completed and fulfilling. The rape preserves, rather than dest roys chastity. God builds up as he tears down, possesses as he frees.The nigh sonnet, devastation, be not proud is about how Donne challenges the footing of cobblers extreme instead of challenging the footing of himself in Gods eyes, as in slugger my tone. Donne was always seeking to rival what would ordinarily just be passed by because heap didnt care to challenge that what is, is. Donne seemed to be ghost with expiration he supposedly preached his own funeral sermon shortly before his death for example. He had a portrait multicolor of himself in his shroud and he wrote of the subject matter often. The main point at protrude here is deceases place, and Donne clearly sets about masking that ends power is non-existent.It is not a intercourse of any kind, nor is it a debate, as the sonnet is tout ensemble one-sided and it is passing a understanding on c relapse, a verdict and the fate is death itself, but more on that later. This, likend to batter my Heart where Donne is pleading, is totally different, because Donne is arguing. The first two lines give lucidity to the heartsease of the sonnet. In the first line, expiration, be not proud, though some have called thee starts making it clear that Donne is addressing ending, personified. Thus, it is merely, on one hand, one person addressing another(prenominal). close is thence made an equal. This makes quite a moody in the overall stature of closing. The main point at issue here is Deaths power, and Donne clearly sets about showing that Deaths power is non-existent. It is not a conversation of any kind, nor is it a debate, as the sonnet is totally one-sided and it is passing a judgment on Death, a verdict and the sentence is death itself, but more on that later. Donne is forceful and defiant when he states, decently and dreadful, for, thou art not so which seems to ridicule Death.Donne underlines the dispute over, Death is not readinessy and dreadful as some have view. Certainly, the speech de comprisered in the sonnet has its aim on the fear of Death unlike Batter my Heart which was proclaiming his own fear under Gods eyes which is incorrect under the circumstances and the reassurance that Death isnt what it seems. in that location is a great logic in the nigh two lines, For those whom thou thinkst thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor death nor yet canst thou obscure me. as Death challenges the very statement that when he kills people, they live on in heaven accordingly Donne himself cannot die.The key word here must be thinkst it is unreal, untrue that Death is mighty. sorrowful to the nigh quatrain, Death is, through comparison, to be viewed as a short appease and sleep, from which pleasure comes, From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, oftentimes pleasure, then from thee, much more must flow you call forth up the coterminous morning and Heaven awaits. Yet, in Batter my Heart Donne was pleading with God that the neighboring day he wants to be with God and now, Donne is telling Death/the devil that he never had any power over Donne in the first place.From the sonnet lines, we can surmise that Death must be pleasurable. It is only a temporary state, for it leads to life in heaven, therefore it is not as it appears once again. For Death, the tintence in the poem, this negation of his power and situation would surely cause great torment and, we would assume, have tremendous steamy impact. The next two lines, And soonest our outstrip men with thee do go-, Rest of their swot up and souls rescue enter a whole verse of argument. They squiffy, our best men die, with thee do go, but their souls live on in heaven, souls delivery Add to that the reference to Death being merely a break ones back to Fate, Chance, kings, and dreadful men, which implies that Death is just a slave to God and kills in fate or chance, Kings, or men who simply want to commit suicide. Donne suggests in desperate men that Death isnt forcefully cleanup them, they have elect to die therefore Death is little to have no power whatsoever. barely moving on, And dost with embitter, war and ailment dwell, implying that Death is housed in the scum of the Earth poison is used to kill others, war is killing other people massively and where sickness inhabits, such as Hospitals or ternion world countries.This brings new meaning to, And poppy charms can make us sleep as well, where Death is being compared to Opium, sleep as well, and the poppies, poppy charms that lie where men at war were killed. This leads on to the next line, And better than thy stroke. The use of And at the start of the above three lines creates an affect of points in an argument, or plain statements. There is an accusation in the next line, Death has been proud, has swellst but with no justification.Death is made to look powerless in preventing life. However, the Octave could be a scene of sorrow and mourning, a funeral service for, possibly, one of our be st men. This ceremony is designed to charge and dishonour Death but also to lower him to the status of desperate men precedent in the sonnet. In Batter my Heart Donne was acting as a desperate man to be freed from the devil, who is now being compared to a desperate man. Donne probably thought that anything related to the Devil must have a part of the Devil inside it.There is a second audience in the poem besides Death himself, and Donne seems to be addressing all those who fear Death in, One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And Death shall be no more He seems to ridicule Death, to make Deaths power look smaller, comparing it with mere rest and sleep and where Donne uses all the evidence he can find, as well as worked up appeal, to persuade this audience that Death is neither to be feared nor dreaded and that Death is, crowning(prenominal)ly, nothing, for it is through Death that we find a new kind of life in heaven.This is a kind of reassurance to readers, as if he is also p reaching the goodness of God which can be compared to Donnes other sonnet Batter my Heart where Donne is showing that he cannot preach Gods will, because he is bound by the Devil. The arguments which would appear to Death as insulting, can appear to the reader as shocking, since Death has always been assumed a fearful. merely Donne takes the role of making Death seem harmless. It is, of course, this very surprise and shock that the loudspeaker system uses as a powerful emotional ploy, along with a list of arguments, to persuade.We might almost imagine a royal court scene with Death as the incriminate and all of humanity as the spectators and Donne as a sort of judge, for he not only presents the evidence, but also passes judgment, Death, thou shalt Die at the end of the sonnet. merely this last line is the best of all, because it is the ultimate paradox and the ultimate irony that Death should in fact die These reasons and appeals are contained and arranged within the tradition al sonnet form fourteen lines with the usual octave and sestet.Donne intended a strong break between the octave and sestet is beef up by the period at the end of line 8, one of few in the sonnet. Donne has stated his thesis that Death is not mighty or powerful and cannot kill or destroy life. And he has support it through dramatic arguments to a shocking conclusion. Death is the one who dies, not those whom he thinks to overthrow. The balanced and parallel structures of the opening of line 1 and the closing of line 14 serve to reinforce and emphasize the argument splendidly, Death, be not proud Death, thou shalt die. This is comparatively different to lines 1 and 14 of Batter my Heart, Batter my heart, three-persond God for you Nor even chaste, except you ravish me, for these two lines are still to do with his function with the Devil Shakespeares Shall I compare thee sonnet is all to do with his Mistress. In the first line, Shall I compare thee to a summers day? we start to se e the development of a thought that Shakespeare is having. This line is taken usually to mean, what if I were to compare you to a summers day.The comparisons of the love one to all the beautiful things in nature hover in a background throughout. Such thoughts have occur words like summer, age, song, sweet. The second line, gram art more lovely and more temperate, the mistresses beauty is more double-dyed(a) than the beauty of a summer day more temperate more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summers day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. May was a summer month in Shakespeares time, because the calendar in use, lagged behind our calendar by at least a fortnight.As the last line is made to lead onto the next line, Rough winds do vibrate the darling buds of May, so that it is set out like an argument in point form, why she isnt like a summers day. Darling buds of May, the beautiful, much love buds of the early summer and favourite flowers. The last line of the first quatrain, And summers convey hath all too short a leave path that summer holds a lease on part of the year, so summer is too short and has an early finish.The next quatrain holds yet another opening to another round of points in his argument, which can be compared to Batter my heart in which Donne is invariablely begging, or demanding his freedom from the Devil. Yet, Death, be not proud is more of an argument, just like this one. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, which links us to the solarize and how some days are just too hot. In the first line of reasoning after the arguments main point, we see And often is his gold complexion dimmed, which convey that sometimes the sun is too chilliness as well. The part his gold complexion means the suns golden face.It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days generally. The next line carries the load once more, And every pretty from fair sometime declines, which can be broken down to mean that all beautiful things every fair occasionally become inferior in comparison with their previous state of beauty from fair. They all decline from perfection. The last line of this second quatrain, By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd what Shakespeare really means is that by chance accidents, or by the constant changes of nature, which are not subject to control, natures changing look is untrimmd.Untrimmed can refer to the barretter (trimming) on a ship which keeps it lasting or to a lack of ornaments or decorations. Therefore, does it refer to nature, or chance, or every fair in the line above, or to the effect of natures changing course? As one critic, Katherine Duncan-Jones states, Natures changing course could refer to womens monthly courses, or menstruation, in which case every fair in the previous line would refer to every fair woman, with the implication that the youth is free of this cyclical curse, and is therefore more perfect.The first line of the third quatrain gives yet another overview of the next three points that we come across as readers, and we can see yet another similarity with Death, be not proud because this also uses the bullet train point technique to underlie the argument. Batter my heart starts its begging part in its third quatrain, instead of keeping a solid foundation like Death, be not proud and Shall I compare thee. But thy eternal summer shall not fade.This tells us that Shakespeare is trying to beat across the issue that his Mistresses summer, like beauty, will never go away. Nor shall it your eternal summer lose its hold on that power which she so richly possesses, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest as in possession. The third line of the third quatrain, Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, comments on how the lines are undying. This use of Nor is very effective, for it enforces this idea of setting down a point formed argument.The last line before the distich, When in eternal lines to time th ou growest underlines that even if her lines grow wrinkly, the lines of this sonnet will not, which surely leads to the utmost couplet so that the whole argument is oblige in just two lines. The final couplet, So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee tells us that, She keeps in pace with time, she grows as time grows and as long as creation live and breathe on creation, for as long as there are seeing eyes on the earth then that is how long these verses will live, celebrating her, and continually renewing her life.